Colonel John Herschel Glenn Jr. (July 18, 1921 - December 8, 2016) was a US Marine Corps aviator, engineer, astronaut, and US Senator from Ohio. In 1962, he became the first American to orbit the Earth, circling it three times.
Prior to joining NASA, Glenn was a leading fighter pilot in World War II, China, and Korea. He shot down three MiG-15 planes, and was awarded six Distinguished Flying Crosses and eighteen Air Medals. In 1957, he undertook the first supersonic transcontinental flight across the United States. The on-board camera takes the first ever panoramic view of the United States.
He is one of Mercury Seven, a military test pilot chosen in 1959 by NASA as the first astronaut of the United States. On February 20, 1962, Glenn flew the mission of Friendship 7, becoming the first American to orbit the Earth, and the fifth and third American in space. He received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1962 and the Medal of Honor Congress Room in 1978, sworn in to the US Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990, and is the last surviving member of the Mercury Seven.
Glenn resigned from NASA in January 1964. He planned to run for the US Senate seat of Ohio, but his injury in February 1964 forced his withdrawal. He retired from the Marine Corps the following year. He lost the primary election in 1970. A Democrat, Glenn first won the Senate election in 1974 and served for 24 years until January 1999. In 1998, while still sitting as senator, Glenn became the oldest person to fly in space as a crew member of the space shuttle Discovery and the only person flying in the Mercury and Space Shuttle program. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012.
Video John Glenn
Early life and education
John Herschel Glenn Jr. born on July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio, son of John Herschel Glenn Sr., who works in the pipeline company, and Clara Teresa nÃÆ' Â © eÃ, Sproat, a teacher. Her parents had married shortly before her father, a member of the American Expeditionary Force, went to the Western Front during World War I. The family moved to New Concord, Ohio, soon after her birth, and her father started her own business, Glenn Plumbing Company. He took his first flight on an airplane with his father when he was eight years old. He became fascinated by the flight, and built the model aircraft from balsa wood kits. Together with his step sister, Jean, he attended New Concord Primary School. He washes the car and sells the rhubarb to get the money to buy a bike, after which he takes a job delivering the newspaper The Columbus Dispatch. He is a member of the Ohio Rangers, an organization similar to Cub Scouts. His childhood home in New Concord has been restored as a museum of historic homes and educational centers.
Glenn attended New Concord High School, where he played on the university football team as center and back midfielder. He also created a university basketball and tennis team, and was involved with Hi-Y, the junior branch of the YMCA. After graduating in 1939, Glenn entered the College Muskingum, where he studied engineering, and Annie majored in music, with minors in secretarial and physical education studies, while she was on the bathing and volleyball team. Glenn is a member of the Stag Club fraternity there, and plays on the football team. He obtained a private pilot license under the Civil Pilot Training Program in 1941, earning credits in a physics course, as the course included aerodynamics, combustion and heat transfer. He did not complete his senior year in residence or take the proficiency exam, both required by the school for a Bachelor of Science degree. Muskingum was awarded the title in 1962, following Glenn's Mercury space flight.
Maps John Glenn
Military career
World War II
When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor to bring the United States into World War II, Glenn quit college to volunteer to be registered with the USS Army Air Corps. Never called for duty, he enlisted as a US Navy aviation cadet in March 1942. Glenn attended the University of Iowa in Iowa City for pre-flight training and continued at Naval Air Station Olathe in Kansas for the main training, where he made his first solo flights on military aircraft. During an advanced training at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas, he accepted an offer to transfer to the US Marine Corps.
After completing his flight training in March 1943, Glenn was assigned as second lieutenant. After advanced training at Camp Kearny, California, he was assigned to the Marine Squadron VMJ-353, which flew the R4D transport aircraft from there. Also at Camp Kearny there is a combat squadron, VMO-155, which flew the F4F Wildcat Grumman. Glenn approached the squadron commander, Major J. P. Haines, who suggested he could make the transfer. It was approved, and Glenn was posted to VMO-155 on July 2, 1943. Two days later, the squadron moved to El Centro Marine Corps Air Station in California. The Wildcat is obsolete at this point, and VMO-155 was supplemented by the Corsair F4U in September 1943. He was promoted to first lieutenant in October 1943, and sent to Hawaii in January 1944. It was intended that the VMO-155 would move to Marshall Islands but this was delayed, and on 21 February moved to Midway Atoll and became part of the garrison. This was where the Battle of Midway was in 1942, but it is a remote area at the moment. VMO-155 moved to the Marshall Islands in June 1944, and flew 57 combat missions in the area. He received two Distinguished Flying Crosses and ten Air Medals.
Glenn returned to the United States at the end of his one-year assignment in February 1945, and was assigned to the Cherry Point of the Marine Corps Station in North Carolina and then to the Naval Air Station Patuxent River in Maryland. He was promoted to captain in July 1945, shortly before the end of the war in the Pacific, but was unsure of securing regular commissions in the Marine Corps. He was ordered back to Cherry Point, where he joined VMF-913, another Corsair squadron, and learned that he was eligible for regular commissions. In March 1946, he was assigned to the El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in southern California. He volunteered to serve the occupation in Northern China, believing that it would be a short tour. He joined the VMF-218 (another Corsair squadron), based in Nanyuan Square near Beijing, in December 1946, and flew a patrol mission until the VMF-218 was transferred to Guam in March 1947. He returned home in December 1948.
Glenn was re-posted to NAS Corpus Christi, first as a student at the All Weather Weather Navy School, and then as an aviation instructor. In July 1951, he was sent to the Amphibious Warfare School at Marine Corps Base Quantico in northern Virginia for a six-month course. He then joined the staff of the Commander, Marine Corps School. Given just four hours of flying time per month, it retains its skill (and pay for flights) by flying over the weekend. He was promoted to major in July 1952.
Korean War
Glenn took a short leave in which he moved his family back to New Concord, and after two and a half months of jet training at Cherry Point, Glenn was ordered to South Korea in October 1952, at the end of the Korean War. Before he left for Korea in February 1953, he applied for an inter-service exchange position with the US Air Force (USAF) to fly the F-86 Saber jet-interceptor fighter. In preparation, he arranged with Colonel Leon W. Gray to check the F-86 at Otis Air Force Base in Massachusetts. Upon waiting for this exchange, Glenn reported to K-3, the air base in South Korea, on February 3, 1953, and was assigned to VMF-311, one of two Marine squadrons there, as its operations officer. The VMF-311, equipped with F9F Panther-bomber bomber jets, was assigned various missions. Glenn flew first, his reconnaissance flight, on February 26th. He flew 63 combat missions in Korea with the VMF-311, and was dubbed "Magnet Ass" because of his ability to attract enemies (the danger of low-level near-air jobs) supporting the mission); twice, he returned to the base with more than 250 holes in his plane. He flies for time with Marine reserve Ted Williams (future Hall of Fame baseball player with Boston Red Sox) as a wingman, and also flies with the great future general Ralph H. Spanjer.
In June 1953, Glenn's exchange position at USAF came in and he reported for the task with the 25th Fighter-ASF Air Force Squadron, and flew 27 combat missions on the F-86, a plane much faster than the F9F Panther, which patrolled the MiG Alley. Fighting with the MiG-15, which is faster and better armed, is considered an apogee for fighter pilots. On the USAF bus that takes the pilot to the airfield before dawn, the pilot shot by the MiG can sit while those who do not have to stand. Glenn later wrote, "Since the days of Lafayette Escadrille during World War I, pilots have considered air-to-air combat as a final test not only from their machines but also their own flying skills and skills." He is hoping to become a Marine jet both of which flew after John F. Bolt. When Glenn complained about no MiG to be shot, his USAF college squad drew "MiG Mad Marine" on his plane. He shot down his first MiG in aerial combat on July 12, 1953, falling on the second on July 19, and the third on July 22 during an air engagement in which four Sabers shot down three MiGs. This was the final air victory of the war, which ended with a ceasefire five days later. For its services in Korea, Glenn received two Distinguished Flying Crosses and eight more Air Medals.
Pilot test
With combat experience as a fighter pilot, Glenn applied for training as an experimental pilot while he was still in Korea. He reported to the US Navy Test School at NAS Patuxent River in Maryland in January 1954, and graduated in July. At Patuxent River he is mentored in physics and mathematics by future Medal of Honor recipients, James Stockdale. Glenn's first flight test assignment, testing the FJ-3 Fury, almost killed him when his cockpit was pressed and his oxygen system failed. He also tested aircraft armament such as Vought F7U Cutlass and F8U Crusader. From November 1956 to April 1959, he was assigned to the Fighter Design Bureau of the Aeronautical Navy in Washington, D.C., and attended the University of Maryland.
On July 16, 1957, he made the first supersonic transcontinental flight. At that time, the transcontinental speed record, organized by the Republic of Air Force F-84 Thunderjet, was 3 hours 45 minutes and Glenn calculated that a F8U Crusader could do it faster. Because the speed is 586 miles per hour (943 km/h) faster than the.45 caliber bullet, Glenn calls the project Project Bullet. He flew the F4U Crusader 2,445 miles (3,935 km) from Los Alamitos, California to Floyd Bennett Field in New York City under 1 / 2 clock. Actual time is 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8.3 seconds, average supersonic speed despite three in-flight fuels when speed drops below 300 miles per hour (480 km/h). The on-board camera takes the first continuous and sustainable panoramic view of the continent of the United States. He received the fifth Distinguished Flying Cross for this mission, and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel on April 1, 1959. His cross-country flights made him a small celebrity. A profile piece appeared in The New York Times and he appeared on the TV show The Name That Song . He now has nearly 9,000 flying hours, including about 3,000 hours on the jet.
NASA Career
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On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This shattered American belief in technological excellence creates a wave of anxiety known as the Sputnik crisis. Among his responses, President Dwight D. Eisenhower launched the Space Race. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established on October 1, 1958, as a civilian institution to develop space technology. One of his first initiatives was publicly announced on December 17, 1958. This is the Mercury Project, which aims to launch a man into Earth orbit, return it safely to Earth, and evaluate its capabilities in space.
When Glenn was on duty at Patuxent and in Washington, he read everything he found out about space. His office was asked to send a test pilot to Langley Air Force Base in Virginia to make runs in space simulators, as part of a study by the newly formed NASA into a re-entry vehicle form. The pilot will also be sent to Naval Air Development Center in Johnsville, Pennsylvania, and will be subjected to high G-forces in the centrifuge for comparison with data collected in the simulator. His request for the position was granted, and he spent several days at Langley and a week in Johnsville for testing. NASA asked members of the military service to participate in the planning of the space shuttle mock. Since he had participated in research at Langley and Johnsville, he was sent to the McDonnell factory in St. Louis. Louis as a service advisor to the NASA spaceship mafup board.
NASA got permission from Eisenhower to recruit its first astronaut from the ranks of military trials. Service records from 508 graduate pilot test schools were obtained from the US Department of Defense. Of these, 110 are found to match the minimum standards: candidates must be younger than 40, have a bachelor's degree or equivalent and become 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) or less. Only height requirements are strictly enforced, due to the size of the Mercury Project spacecraft. This is fortunate for Glenn, who barely qualifies, as he is close to the age cutoff and has no science-based degree. 110 then divided into three groups, with the most promising in the first group. The first group of 35, including Alan Shepard, gathered at the Pentagon on February 2, 1959. Naval and Marine Corps officers were greeted by Navy Chief of Operations, Admiral Arleigh Burke, and USAF officers handled by United States Air Force Chief General Thomas D. White. Both promised their support for the Space Program, and promised that the careers of the volunteers would not be affected. NASA officials later briefed them about the Mercury Project. They recognize that it will be a dangerous undertaking, but stressed that it is of great national interest.
The briefing process was repeated with a second group of 34 candidates a week later. Of 69, six are found above the height limit, 15 are removed for other reasons, and 16 are decreased. It leaves NASA with 32 candidates. As this was more than expected, NASA decided not to disturb the 41 remaining candidates, as 32 candidates appeared to be more than an adequate number to select 12 astronauts as planned. Interest levels also indicate that much less will break out during training than anticipated, which will result in astronaut training that will not be required to fly the Mercury Project mission. It was therefore decided to cut the number of selected astronauts to just six. Then came a series of grueling physical and psychological tests at the Lovelace Clinic and Wright Aerospace Medical Laboratory. Only one candidate, Jim Lovell, was eliminated for medical reasons at this stage, and the diagnosis was later found in error; thirteen others recommended with reservation. The director of the NASA Aerospace Task Force, Robert R. Gilruth, found himself unable to choose only six of the remaining eighteen, and eventually seven were selected.
After testing, astronaut candidates must wait 10 to 12 days for the results. Glenn has returned to his position in the Aeronautical Sea Bureau when he received a call from Mercury project director, Charles Donlan, offering him a position. Identity seven was announced at a press conference at Dolley Madison House in Washington, D.C., on April 9, 1959: Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, Glenn, Gus Grissom, Wally Schirra, Alan Shepard, and Deke Slayton. Glenn, writing Tom Wolfe, "came out of it as the top among the seven blond boys." He has the hottest record as a pilot, he is the most readable, the most photogenic, and the only Marines. " The magnitude of the challenge in front of them was made clear a few weeks later, on the night of May 18, 1959, when seven astronauts gathered at Cape Canaveral to watch the launch of their first rocket, Atlas SM-65D, similar to the one that took it into orbit. A few minutes after takeoff, it exploded spectacularly, lighting up the night sky. The astronauts were stunned. Shepard turned to Glenn and said, "Well, I'm glad they got rid of him."
Glenn remained an officer in the Marine Corps after his election, but was assigned to the NASA Space Task Force at Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. The task force moved to Houston, Texas, in 1962, and became part of the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. Part of the astronaut training is in space science, but it has a practical aspect, which includes scuba diving and working in a simulator. Astronauts secure an additional role in the spaceflight program: to provide a pilot input in the design. The astronauts divide the tasks among them. Glenn's specialty is cockpit layout design and control functions for early Mercur and Apollo programs. He presses other astronauts to set a moral example, living up to the clean image of those who have been described by Life magazine, an unpopular position among other astronauts.
Friendship 7 flight
Glenn is a backup pilot for Shepard and Grissom on the first two Mercury Mercury-Mercury-Redstone 3 and Mercury-Redstone 4 sub-orbital missions. Glenn was selected for Mercury-Atlas 6, NASA's first manned orbital flight, with Carpenter as its reserve. Putting someone in orbit will achieve one of the most important goals of the Mercury Project. Shepard and Grissom have named their spacecraft Freedom 7 and Liberty Bell 7 . The number 7 originally was the production number of the Shepard spacecraft, but had come to represent Mercury 7. Glenn named the spacecraft, number 13, Friendship 7 , and had the name hand-painted aside in its F-86. Glenn and Carpenter completed their training for the mission in January 1962, but the delay of the launch allowed them to continue practicing. Glenn spent 25 hours and 25 minutes on the spacecraft performing hanger and altitude tests, and 59 hours and 45 minutes in the simulator. He flew 70 simulation missions and reacted to 189 simulated system failures.
After a long series of delays, Friendship 7 lifted from Cape Canaveral Air Station on February 20, 1962. There were eleven delays during the countdown due to equipment and repair and weather damage. During Glenn's first orbit, automatic control system failures were detected. This forces Glenn to operate in manual mode for the second and third orbits, and to reenter. Then on the flight, telemetry indicates that the heat shield has slackened. If this reading is accurate, Glenn and the spacecraft will burn on reentry. After a lengthy discussion on how to deal with this problem, the ground controller decided that leaving a solid-fueled retroret package in place could help keep the loose heat shield in place. They passed this instruction to Glenn, but did not tell him that the heat shield might be loose; though confused on this order, he obeyed. Letting the retroret package on a large piece of burning debris flew past his capsule window while reentering, which according to Glenn was probably a heat shield. He told an interviewer, "Luckily it was a rocket packet - or I will not answer these questions." After the flight, it was determined that the heat shield was not loose, but the sensor was damaged.
Friendship 7 safely reaches 800 miles (1,290 km) southeast of Cape Canaveral after Glenn flights for 4 hours, 55 minutes. He carried a note on the flight that read, "I am a stranger, I come in peace, bring me to your leader and there will be a great gift for you in eternity" in some languages, if he lands near the southern Pacific Ocean. islands. The original procedure asked Glenn to get out through the upper hatch, but he was uncomfortably warm and decided that the way out through the hatch would be faster. During the flight, it experienced 7.8 G acceleration and traveled 75,679 miles (121,794 km) at about 17,500 miles per hour (28,200 km/h). The flight takes Glenn to its maximum height (apogee) about 162 miles (261 km) and a minimum altitude of 100 miles (160 km) (perigee). The flight made Glenn the first American to orbit the Earth, the third American in space, and the fifth man in space. The mission, called Glenn "the best day of his life", renewed US confidence. The flight came when the US and USSR were involved in the Cold War and competed in the Space Race.
As the first American in the orbit of Glenn to become a national hero, meet President John F. Kennedy, and receive a ticker-tape parade in New York that reminds those who honor Charles Lindbergh and other officials. He became "very valuable to this nation as an iconic figure", according to NASA administrator Charles Bolden, that Kennedy would not "risk putting him back in space again." Glenn's fame and political potential was recorded by Kennedy, and he became a friend of the Kennedy family. On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy gave him the NASA Distinguished Service Medal.
In June 1963, the Soviet Union launched a female cosmonaut, Valentina Tereshkova into orbit. In response, NASA contemplated recruiting women into the astronaut corps, but Glenn gave a speech to the House Room Committee detailing his opposition to send women into space, where he said:
I think it's back to the way our social arrangements are organized, really. That's just a fact. People go and fight and fly planes and return and help design and build and test them. The fact that women are not in this field is a fact of our social order.
NASA has no official policy that prohibits women, but the requirement that astronauts should be a pilot test of the military effectively overrides them. NASA dropped this requirement in 1965, but did not choose any woman as an astronaut until 1978, when six women were selected, although no one became a pilot. After Tereshkova, no woman of any nationality would fly in space again until August 1982, when the Soviet Union launched the Svetlana Savitskaya pilot-cosmonauts. During the late 1970s, Glenn reportedly supported Space Shuttle Judiciary Judith Resnik in his career.
Political campaign
1964 Kampanye Senat
At 42, Glenn is the oldest member of the astronaut corps and will likely be close to 50 at the time of the moon landing. During Glenn's training, NASA psychologists determined that he was the most suitable astronaut for public life. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy suggested to Glenn and his wife in December 1962 that he ran for US Senator for Ohio in 1964, challenging Stephen M Young (1889-1984) awaiting aging in the Democratic primary elections. Because it seems unlikely he will be selected for the Apollo Project mission, he resigned from NASA on January 16, 1964, and announced his Democratic candidacy for the US Senate from his native Ohio the next day.
While trying to fix a mirror in the hotel room, he was hospitalized for a concussion he had suffered while falling into the bath at the end of February; an inner ear injury from an accident makes it unable to campaign. He resigned from the race on March 30. Both his wife and Scott Carpenter campaigned on his behalf during February and March, but the doctors gave Glenn a one-year recovery time. Glenn did not want to win just because of his astronaut's fame, so he got out of the race on March 31st.
Glenn went on a healing leave from the Marine Corps until he completely recovered, which was necessary for his retirement. He retired as a colonel on January 1, 1965, and became an executive with RC Cola.
1970 Senate Campaign
In 1970, Young did not seek re-election and the chair was open. Entrepreneur Howard Metzenbaum is supported by the Ohio Democratic party and a large labor union, which gives him a significant financial advantage over Glenn. Glenn was defeated in the Democratic primary by Metzenbaum (who received 51 percent of votes for Glenn's 49 percent). Some prominent Democrats say Glenn is "an incomparable political giant," and one newspaper called it "the ultimate square."
Metzenbaum then lost the election to Robert Taft Jr. Glenn continues to remain active in the political arena following his defeat. John J. Gilligan, then-Governor of Ohio, appointed Glenn to head the Citizens' Task Force for Environmental Protection in 1970. The task force was set up to survey environmental concerns in the state and issued a report in 1971 detailing such issues.. The task force's final meeting and report are the main contributors to the creation of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency.
Senate 1974 Campaign
In 1974, Gilligan and the Democrat leader tried to persuade Glenn to campaign for the governor's position in Ohio. Glenn refused, denouncing their efforts as "bosism" and "blackmail". He challenged Metzenbaum again for another Ohio Senate seat, which had been vacated by Republican William B. Saxbe, who became US Attorney General in early 1974. Metzenbaum is a short-term petahana, appointed by Gilligan in January.
In the main section, Metzenbaum contrasts his strong business background with Glenn's military credibility and astronauts and says his opponent "never held a salary". Glenn's answer is known as the "Gold Star Mothers" speech. He told Metzenbaum to go to a veterans hospital and "look at those people with a broken body in the eye and tell them that they do not have a job.You go with me to Golden Star mother and you look into her eyes and say that her son does not have work ". He beat Metzenbaum 54 to 46 percent before beating Ralph Perk (the mayor of the Republic of Cleveland) in an election, starting a Senate career that will continue into 1999.
1976 Vice Presidential Campaign
Glenn remained close to the Kennedy family, and campaigned for Robert F. Kennedy during his presidential campaign in 1968. Glenn was with him in Los Angeles when he was assassinated in 1968, and became a bearer at the funeral in New York.
In 1976, Glenn was the nomination candidate for vice president of the Democratic Party. He is considered because he is a senator in important circumstances and for his fame and candor. Some people think he's too much like Carter, partly because both have a military background, and that he does not have enough experience to potentially be president. Glenn's main speech at the Democratic National Convention failed to impress the delegates, as Barbara Jordan stole the show and that she was hard to hear. The nomination went to veteran politician Walter Mondale.
1980 Senate Campaign
In Glenn's first re-election campaign, Jim Betts challenged him for the chair. Betts publicly stated that Glenn's policy is part of the reason for the rise in inflation and a lower standard of living. The Betts campaign also attacked Glenn's voting record, saying that he often chose to increase spending. Glenn's campaign response is that he has been part of more than 3,000 calls and "one of them can be taken out of context". Glenn is projected to win the race by a big margin. After the votes were counted, Glenn was won by the biggest margin for the Ohio Senator, beating Betts by more than 40 percent.
Presidential campaign 1984
Glenn announced his candidacy for president on April 21, 1983 at the John Glenn High School gymnasium. During the running of the presidential nomination, The Right Stuff , a film about Mercury Seven astronauts, was released. Reviewer saw Ed Harris Glenn's portrayal as heroic and his staff began to publish the film to the press. One reviewer said that "Harris's portrayal helped transform Glenn from a history book character into a decent and truly adoring Hollywood hero," turning it into a big screen icon. Others consider the film to have undermined Glenn's campaign, only as a reminder that Glenn's most significant achievement occurred decades earlier. Glenn nominated the Democratic presidential candidate in 1984, but he lost again to Mondale.
Glenn's press secretary Greg Schneiders suggested an unusual strategy, inspired by Glenn's personal campaign and voting style, to avoid attracting special interest groups and seeking support from regular Democratic primary voters. After Mondale defeated him for nomination, Glenn carried $ 3 million in debt campaigns for over 20 years before receiving a reprieve from the Federal Election Commission. He was considered a vice presidential candidate in 1984, 1988, and 1992.
1986 Senate Campaign
Glenn retained the Senate seat in 1986. He was challenged by Thomas Kindness. Glenn believes he and other Democrats are the targets of the negative campaigns that GOP strategists are thinking about in Washington. Kindness focused on Glenn's campaign debt to run his failed presidency, and the fact he stopped paying him while campaigning for the Senate seat. After winning the race, Glenn commented, "We proved that in 1986, they could not kill Glenn with Goodness." He won the race with 62% of the vote.
1992 Senate Campaign
In 1992, Republican Mike DeWine won a major Republican and challenged Glenn in the Senate election. His campaign focused on the need for change and for the deadline for the Senator. This will be Glenn's fourth term as Senator. DeWine also criticized Glenn's debt debt, using the bunny dressed as an astronaut drummer, with an announcer saying, "He just continues to owe and owe and owe", a game in Bunny Energizer. Glenn won the Senate seat. It was the defeat of DeWine's first campaign. DeWine then worked on intelligence committees with Glenn and watched the launch of both into space.
Career Senate
Government Affairs Committee
In 1977, Glenn wanted to lead Energy, Nuclear Proliferation, and the Federal Service Subcommittee of the Government Affairs Committee. Abraham Ribicoff, chairman of the Government Affairs Committee, said he could lead the subcommittee if he also heads the less popular Subcommittee on Federal Services, which is responsible for the US Postal Service. Although the previous seat of the Federal Services Subcommittee lost the election due in part to negative campaigns tied to bad letter services deemed by the chairman, Glenn accepted the offer and became the chairman of both subcommittees. One of his goals as a new student senator is to develop environmental policies. Glenn introduced a bill on energy policy to try to fight the energy crisis in the 70s. Glenn also introduced a law promoting nuclear non-proliferation, and was the lead author of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, the first of six major parts of the law he produced on the subject.
Glenn chaired the Government Affairs Committee from 1987 to 1995. It was in this role that he discovered a number of safety and environmental concerns with state nuclear weapons facilities. Glenn was made aware of the problem at the Fernald Food Materials Center near Cincinnati, and soon discovered that it was a problem that occurred at several sites across the nation. Glenn requested an investigation from the General Accounting Office of the Congress and held several hearings on this issue. He also released a report on the potential cost of cleaning hazardous waste in a former nuclear weapons manufacturing facility, known as the Glenn Report. He spent the rest of his Senate career earning funds to clean up the remaining nuclear waste at the facility.
In 1995 Glenn became a minority member of the Governmental Affairs Committee. Glenn denied the focus of China's illegal donations to the Democratic Party, and insisted that Republicans also had terrible fundraising problems. The chairman of the committee, Fred Thompson of Tennessee, disagrees and continues the investigation.
Glenn is the deputy chairman of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigation, the Subcommittee on the Governance Affairs Committee. When Republicans regained control of the Senate in 1996, Glenn became a minority ranking member on the Permanent Investigation Subcommittee (chaired by Senator Maine Susan Collins).
Other committees and activities
Glenn was on several committees during his first term as Senator, including the Government Operations Committee, and the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, and the Energy Research and Water Resources Subcommittee. He also sits in the Special Committee on Aging.
Glenn is considered an expert in science and technology because of his background. He is a supporter of continuing the B-1 bomber program, which he considers to be a success. This is contrary to President Carter's wish to fund the B-2 bomber program. Glenn does not fully support the development of B-2 because he has doubts about the feasibility of stealth technology. He drew up a proposal to slow down the development of B-2, which could potentially save money, but the benchmark was denied.
Glenn joined the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 1978. He became chairman of the Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, where he traveled to Japan, Korea, the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China. Glenn helped to graduate from the Taiwan Enabling Act of 1979. That same year, Glenn's stance on the SALT II treaty led to another dispute with President Carter. He does not believe that the US has the ability to monitor the Soviet Union accurately enough to verify compliance with the treaty. During the launch ceremony for the USSÃ, Ohio , he spoke of his doubts about verifying the agreement's compliance. First Lady Rosalynn Carter also spoke at the event, where she criticized Glenn for speaking openly about the matter. The Senate has never ratified the treaty, partly because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
Glenn became the chairman of the Manpower Subcommittee of the Armed Services Committee in 1987. He introduced laws such as salary increases and benefits to American troops in the Persian Gulf during the Gulf War. He served as chairman until 1993, being the chairman of the Armed Services Subcommittee on Military Readiness and Defense Infrastructure.
Keating Five
Glenn was one of the Keating Five - US Senators involved with savings and loan crises - after Glenn received a $ 200,000 campaign contribution from the head of the Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, Charles Keating. During the crisis, Senators were accused of delaying Keating's S & amp; L, which weighed on additional taxpayers $ 2 billion. The combination of perceived political pressure and Keating's monetary contributions to the senators led to an investigation.
Glenn and Republican Senator John McCain reprimanded at least five, as the Senate commission found that they had carried out a "bad judgment". The GOP focuses on Glenn's "bad judgment" rather than what Glenn sees as total exemption. GOP chairman Robert Bennett said: "John Glenn misjudged Charles Keating and misjudged the tolerance of Ohio taxpayers, who were allowed to pay almost $ 2 billion in bills." After the Senate report, Glenn said, "They are so firmly putting this thing in bed... not much to fuss about. I have not done anything wrong." His association with the scandal prompted Republicans to hope that he could be defeated in the 1992 campaign, but Glenn beat Lieutenant Governor Mike DeWine to keep his chair.
Retirement
On February 20, 1997, the 35th anniversary of his Friendship 7 flight, Glenn announced that his retirement from the Senate would take place at the end of his tenure in December 1998. Glenn retired due to his age, saying "... there is still no medicine for a public birthday ". Glenn is the only senator from Ohio serving four Senate tribes.
Back to space
On January 16, 1998, NASA Administrator Dan Goldin announced that Glenn would be part of the STS-95 crew; this made him, at the age of 77, the oldest person to fly in space. NASA and the National Institute of Aging (NIA) plan to use Glenn as test subjects for research, with biometrics taken before, during and after flights. Some experiments (in circadian rhythms, for example) compare them to younger members of the crew. In addition to these tests, he is responsible for aviation photography and videography. Glenn returned to space in Space Shuttle on October 29, 1998, as a Payload Specialist in Space Shuttle Discovery. According to The New York Times , Glenn "won his seat on the space shuttle by lobbying NASA for two years to fly as a guinea pig for geriatric studies"; this is touted as the main reason for his participation in the mission. Shortly before the flight, the researcher disqualified Glenn from one of the two main human experiments (regarding the effects of melatonin) for medical reasons that were kept secret; he participated in experiments on sleep monitoring and protein use.
On November 6, 1998, President Bill Clinton sent Glenn's first presidential email on board the discovery ship. Clinton sent an email from a friend's house in Arkansas using a Toshiba Satellite laptop computer owned by White House physician Robert G. Darling.
Glenn wrote in his memoirs that he did not know that NASA was willing to send him back into space when the agency made his announcement. His participation in the nine-day mission was criticized by some members of the space community as an aid provided by Clinton; John Pike, director of the space agency project of the Federation of American Scientists, said: "If he is a normal person, he will admit that he is a great American hero and that he should fly on the shuttle for free... He is too simple to that, so he should have the reason for this medical research.This has nothing to do with drugs.
In a 2012 interview, Glenn said that his flight goal was "to do measurements and do research on me at age 77... comparing results to me in space with younger astronauts and possibly gain [insight] on the immune system or change protein or vestibular function and other things - heart changes ". Glenn also said that after reading a study of aerospace drugs, he was interested in how the physiological changes experienced by the human body in space (such as bone loss and muscle mass and blood plasma) are similar to those in the human body due to age. He regrets that NASA did not continue research on aging by sending additional elderly people into space. After the STS-95 returned safely, the crew received a ticker-tape parade. On October 15, 1998, NASA Road 1 (the main route to Johnson Space Center) was temporarily renamed to John Glenn Parkway for several months. In 2001, Glenn vehemently opposed the delivery of Dennis Tito, the world's first space tourist, to the International Space Station because Tito's journey had no scientific purpose.
Personal life
He was just a toddler when he met Anna Margaret (Annie) Castor, who would later become his wife. Both will not be able to remember a time when they did not know each other. Glenn married Annie during a Presbyterian ceremony at the Drive Church College in Columbus, Ohio, on April 6, 1943. They had two children - John David and Carolyn Ann - and two grandchildren, and remained married for 73 years until his death.
Freemason, Glenn is a member of Concord Lodge # 688 in New Concord, Ohio. He received all degrees in full at the Mason at Sight ceremony of the Grand Master of Ohio in 1978, 14 years after petitioning his cabin. In 1998, Glenn became the 32nd Scottish Rite Mason in the Cincinnati Valley (NMJ); the following year, he received the 33rd-level rite in Scotland. As an adult, he is honored as part of DeMolay Legion of Honor by DeMolay International, the Masonic youth organization for boys.
Glenn is an ordained presbyter of the Presbyterian Church. His religious faith began before he became an astronaut, and was strengthened after he traveled into space. "To see this kind of creation and not believing in God is impossible for me," Glenn said after his second (and last) space cruise. He sees no contradiction between belief in God and the knowledge that evolution is a "fact" and believes evolution should be taught in schools: "I do not see that I am less religious so I can appreciate the fact that science only records that we change with evolution and time, and that's a fact.That does not mean it's less amazing and that does not mean that there's no greater power than what's behind us and what's going on. "
He is the original Holiday Inn franchise owner near Orlando, Florida, which is now the Seralago Hotel & Suites Main Gate East. Glenn's business partner is Henri Landwirth, a Holocaust victim who became his best friend. He remembered learning about Landwirth's background: "Henri did not say much about it, it's been years before he talked about it with me and then just because of an accident.We went down in Florida during the space program.Everyone was wearing a short-shirt Ban- Lon arm - everyone except Henri Then one day I saw Henri in the pool and saw the number on his arm.I told Henri that if it was me I would use that number like a medal with a spotlight on it.
Penampilan publik
Glenn is an honorary member of the International Academy of Astronautics and a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, Marine Corps Aviation Association, Daedalia Order, National Space Monitoring Council, National Board of Governors of the National Space Agency, Holiday Inn International Association, Ohio Democratic Party, State Democratic Executive Committee, Democrat Franklin County (Ohio) and Democratic Action Club District 10 (Ohio). In 2001 she became a guest star as herself in the American television sitcom Frasier .
On September 5, 2009, John and Annie Glenn found "i" at Ohio State University's Script Ohio marching band show during the Ohio State-Navy-event halftime football game, which is usually reserved for veteran band members. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Friendship 7 flight on February 20, 2012, he had an unexpected opportunity to talk to the international space station crew orbiting while he was on stage with NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden at Ohio State University. On April 19, 2012, Glenn participated in the ceremonial transfer of NASA's Space Shuttle who had retired from NASA to the Smithsonian Institution for a permanent exhibition at Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. He used the opportunity to criticize the "unfortunate" decision to end the Space Shuttle program, saying that delayed research ground was delayed.
Disease and death
Glenn was in good health for most of his life. He retained a private pilot's license until his 80s, eventually stopping flying when he and his wife find it too difficult to get into the cockpit due to a knee problem. In June 2014, Glenn underwent a successful heart valve replacement surgery at the Cleveland Clinic. In early December 2016, he was admitted to a hospital at James Cancer Hospital at Ohio State University's Wexner Medical Center in Columbus. According to family sources, Glenn suffered a health decline, and his condition was very bad; their wives and children and grandchildren are in the hospital.
Glenn died on December 8, 2016, at OSU Wexner Medical Center; he is 95 years old. No cause of death is expressed. After his death, his body lay in the state of Ohio Statehouse. There was a funeral at the Mershon Auditorium at Ohio State University. His body was buried at Arlington National Cemetery on April 6, 2017. At the time of his death, John Glenn was the last surviving member of Mercury Seven.
The Military Times reported that William Zwicharowski, a senior officer of the morgue at Dover Air Force Base, had offered to let the visiting inspector see Glenn's body, sparking an official inquiry. Zwicharowski denied the body was underestimated.
President Barack Obama said that John Glenn, "The first American to orbit the Earth, reminds us that with the courage and spirit of discovery there is no limit to the heights we can achieve together." Tribut is also paid by elected President Donald Trump, and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.
The phrase "Godspeed, John Glenn", a fellow Mercury astronaut Scott Carpenter used to praise Glenn's launch into space, became a hashtag of his social media: #GodspeedJohnGlenn. Former and current astronauts add tribute; as well as the NASA Administrator and former shuttle space astronaut Charles Bolden, who writes: "The legacy of John Glenn is one of risks and achievements, history is created and the task for the country is carried out under great pressure with the rest of the world watched." President Obama ordered the flag to be flown half-mast to Glenn's funeral. On April 5, 2017, President Donald Trump issued a presidential proclamation of 9588, entitled "Respect for John Glenn's Memory".
Legacy
Glenn was awarded the John J. Montgomery Prize in 1963. Glenn received the Hubbard Medal National Geographic Society in 1962. Glenn, along with 37 other astronomy space astronauts, received the Ambassador for Space Exploration Awards in 2006. Glenn was awarded the Congress Gold Medal in 2011 He was also awarded the Thomas D. White National Defense Award and the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation.
In 1961, Glenn received LL.D honors from Muskingum University, a college he attended before joining the military in World War II. The Society of Experimental Test Pilots awarded Glenn the Iven C. Kincheloe in 1963. He received an honorary doctorate from Nihon University in Tokyo; Wagner College in Staten Island, New York; and New Hampshire College (now Southern New Hampshire University) in Manchester, New Hampshire. He was inducted into the National Aeronautical Hall of Fame in 1976, the International Space Hall of Fame in 1977, Astronaut Hall of Fame USA in 1990. In 2000, he received US Senator John Heinz Award for public service by an elected or appointed official , one of the annual Jefferson Awards. Four years later, he received the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Smithsonian Institution Fellows. Glenn was awarded Theodore Roosevelt NCAA Award for 2008. In 2009, he was awarded an honorary degree LL.D from Williams College, and the following year, he received an honorary doctorate degree from a department of public service from Ohio Northern University. In 2013, Fly magazine ranked Glenn 26th on her "Hero 51 Flight" list.
Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland is named after him, and Senator John Glenn Highway runs along the I-480 stretch of Ohio across the Glenn Research Center. Colonel Glenn Highway (who passes the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Wright State University near Dayton, Ohio), John Glenn High School in his hometown of New Concord, and former Colonel John Glenn Elementary in Seven Hills, Ohio, are also named for him. Colonel Glenn Road in Little Rock, Arkansas was named for him in 1962. Secondary schools in Westland and Bay City, Michigan; Walkerton, Indiana; San Angelo, Texas, and Norwalk, California bear the name Glenn. The fireman John H. Glenn Jr. , operated by the Columbia District Department of Fire and Emergency Service and protecting parts of the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers run through Washington, DC, named for it, as is USNS John Glenn (T-MLP -2), a mobile landing platform shipped to the US Navy on March 12, 2014. In June 2016, Port Columbus, Ohio, the airport was renamed to John Glenn Columbus International Airport. Glenn and his family attended the ceremony, where he talked about how to visit the airport as a child has ignited his interest in flying. On September 12, 2016, Blue Origin announced New Glenn, a rocket. The ATK orbital names Cygnus space capsules used in the NASA CRS OA-7 mission to the international space station "S.S. John Glenn " in his honor. The mission was successfully revoked on April 16, 2017.
In 1998 Glenn helped found John Glenn Institute for Public Service and Public Policy at Ohio State University to encourage public service. On July 22, 2006, the institute joined OSU's School of Public Policy and Management to become John Glenn Public School; Glenn held a professorship at school. In February 2015, it was announced that the school would become John Glenn College of Public Affairs in April.
References
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Further reading
External links
- United States Congress. "John Glenn (id: G000236)". Directory of Biographies of the United States Congress . Ã,
- Appearance in C-SPAN
- "Colonel John H. Glenn Jr., USMC (Retiree)". USMC History Division . Retrieved January 13, 2017 .
- John Glenn flights at Friendship 7 , MA-6Ã, - full audio capsule recording for 5 hours
- John Glenn Flight in Space Shuttle, STS-95
- John Glenn about IMDb
- Biodata, Astronautix.com
- John Glenn's funeral service, December 17, 2016, C-SPAN
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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