A collision avoidance system is a car security system designed to prevent or reduce the severity of a collision. It is also known as the precrash system, front collision warning system , or collision mitigation system . Use radar (all weather) and sometimes laser (LIDAR) and cameras (using image recognition) to detect accidents that will happen soon. GPS sensors can detect permanent dangers such as approaching stop signs via location databases.
After an impending collision is detected, the system gives a warning to the driver. When the collisions get close, they take action autonomously without the driver input (by braking or directing or both). Avoidance of impact by braking at low vehicle speeds (eg below 50 km/h), while avoiding collisions by steering may be more appropriate at higher vehicle speeds if the path is clear. Cars with collision avoidance can also be equipped with adaptive cruise control, using the same sensor forwards.
In March 2016, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety announced that 99% of US automakers had agreed to include automated emergency braking systems as standard on almost all new cars sold in the US in the year 2022. In Europe there is a corresponding agreement on the advanced emergency braking system (AEBS) or the autonomous emergency braking (AEB) by 2012. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ( UNECE) has announced that such a system would be mandatory for new heavy vehicles starting in 2015. NHTSA projected that an accelerated automatic emergency braking launch would prevent around 28,000 collisions and 12,000 injuries.
AEB is different from Forward Collision Warning: FCW warns drivers with warnings but not necessarily braking the vehicle.
According to Euro NCAP AEB has three characteristics:
- Autonomous: the system acts independently of the driver to avoid or reduce accidents.
- Emergency: the system will only intervene in critical situations.
- Braking: the system tries to avoid accidents by applying the brakes.
The collision avoidance system is a generic term used for various industries: cars, airplanes, trains, seas and more.
The region's leading market share for collision avoidance systems is Europe.
Video Collision avoidance system
History
Early warning systems were tried in the early 1950s. An example is Cadillac, who developed a prototype vehicle called Cadillac Cyclone that uses new radar technology to detect objects on the front of the car with radar sensors mounted inside the "nose cone". It is considered too expensive to produce.
The first modern front collision avoidance system was demonstrated in 1995 by a team of scientists and engineers at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California. The project is funded by Delco Electronics, and headed by HRL physicist Ross D. Olney. This technology is marketed as Forewarn . This system is radar - based technology that is already available at Hughes Electronics, but not commercially elsewhere. A specially crafted radar antenna developed specifically for this automotive application at a frequency of 77 GHz. In August 1997, the production of the first laser adaptive cruise control on Toyota vehicles was introduced on the Celsior model (Japan only).
In 2008, AEB was introduced in the UK market.
Between 2010 and 2014, Euro-ncap appreciates various constructors whose systems have AEB features.
In early 2000, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) studied whether to create a frontal collision warning system and a mandatory departure warning system. In 2011, the European Commission investigated the stimulus "collision mitigation system with braking". Compulsory installation (extra cost option) Advanced Emergency Braking Systems on commercial vehicles is scheduled for November 1, 2013 for new vehicle types and on November 1, 2015 for all new vehicles in the European Union. According to the "impact assessment", this could prevent about 5,000 deaths and 50,000 serious injuries per year in the EU.
By 2016, 40% of US car models have AEB as an option.
In January 2017, in the United Kingdom, about 1586,103 vehicles had AEB. This makes AEB available in 4.3% of the UK vehicle fleet.
Maps Collision avoidance system
Benefits
A 2012 study by the Insurance Agency for Highway Safety checks how certain features of the accident avoidance system affect the number of claims in various forms of insurance coverage. The findings show that two features of accident avoidance provide the greatest benefit: (a) autonomous braking which will brake itself, if the driver does not, to avoid front collision, and (b) adaptive headlights which will shift the headlights towards the driver driving. They found the lane departure system unhelpful, and possibly dangerous, at the 2012 development stage. The 2015 Insurance Highway Research Institute found a warning of future collisions and the automated braking system reduced the rear collisions.
A 2015 study based on European and australated data shows AEB can reduce rear crashes by 38%.
In the Berlin 2016 terror attacks, a truck was driven into the Berlin Christmas market and was blocked by an automated braking system. The collision avoidance feature quickly enters the new vehicle fleet. In a study of police reported accident, automatic emergency braking was found to reduce the incidence of crashes on the back by 39 percent. A 2012 study shows that if all cars display the system, it will reduce accidents by up to 27 percent and save up to 8,000 lives per year on the European road.
In the UK and in the US, third-party damages and costs have declined by 10% and 40% according to some insurers.
Features
Some features are commonly found throughout the collision avoidance system.
The AEB system will detect the possibility of a collision with the car in front. It does so with sensors to detect and classify things in front of the vehicle, systems to interpret data from sensors, and braking systems that can work independently.
Some cars can implement a lane departure warning system.
Pedestrian detection
Since 2004, Honda has developed a night vision system that highlights pedestrians in front of vehicles by notifying drivers with sounds and visually displaying them through HUDs. Honda's system only works at temperatures below 30 degrees Celsius (86 Fahrenheit). This system first appeared in Honda Legend.
To help pedestrian safety and driver safety, Volvo implemented a pedestrian airbag on the Volvo V40, which was introduced in 2012.
Car manufacturers
Various manufacturers provide AEB, but they may use different alternate names such as:
- City Security - Volvo
- SCBS - Smart City Brake Support - Mazda
- Termination of Active City - Ford
- City of Emergency Braking - Volkswagen
In countries like England, a quarter of new vehicles may have some sort of AEB system; but only 1% of cars previously sold may have AEB.
Audi
2010: Automatic emergency braking system "before making sense" using twin radar and camera-edged sensors and introduced in 2010 on the Audi A8 2011. "Pre Sense Plus" works in four phases. The first system gives warnings about accidents that will occur, activate the warning lights hazard, close the window and sunroof, and front seatbelts pretension. Warning followed by light braking to get the driver's attention. The third phase initiates autonomous partial braking at a rate of 3 m/s ² (9.8 ft/s ²). The fourth stage increases braking to 5 m/s² (16.4 ft/d²) followed by full automatic braking power, approximately half a second before the impact is projected. "Pre sense rear", designed to reduce the consequences of rear collisions. Sunroof and windows closed and seat belts prepared for impact. The chairs were moved forward to protect the occupants of the car. 2015 introduces a "avoidance assistant" system that interferes steering to help drivers avoid obstacles. In the event of an accident, the "assistant turn" monitors the opposite traffic when turning left at low speed. In a critical situation, he crushes the car. "Multicollision brake assist" uses a controlled braking maneuver during an accident to assist the driver. Both systems were introduced in the second generation Q7.
BMW
2012: BMW introduces two systems in Series 7. "Active Protection" detects accidents that will occur in pretension seatbelts, close windows and moonroof, carrying the front passenger seat back to an upright position, and activating post-collision braking. The drowsiness of the driver includes suggestions for rest from driving. "Active Driving Assistant" combines alerts of lane departure, pedestrian protection, and municipal collision mitigation.
In 2013, "Driving Assistant Plus" is introduced in most models that incorporate front-facing cameras, lane-departure warnings, and in some cases front radar sensors to detect vehicles in front. If the driver does not react to the potential impact warning, the system will gradually increase brake pressure and apply - with maximum deceleration strength - if necessary. In case of accident, the system can make the vehicle jammed. Then the iteration of the system on the car equipped with the Automatic Cruise Control system is enhanced by combining radar and camera detection during fog, rain, and other situations where normal camera operations can be compromised.
Ford
Starting from the 2012 Ford Focus, the Active City Stop is offered in the Titanium topping model range, under the optional Sport Executive Package. This system uses cameras, radar, and lidar mounted on the windshield to monitor the road ahead. The system does not provide warnings, but can prevent accidents from occurring at speeds between 3.6kph and 30kph. This speed is then raised to 50kph, and is available in all models, Trend, Sport, Titanium, ST, and RS (Limited Edition only.)
General Motors
General Motors's collision warning system was introduced at GMC Terrain SUV in 2012. It uses cameras to provide warnings when there is a vehicle in front or there is a lane departure. 2014 Chevrolet Impala receives sudden braking due to collision and camera-based (radar technology detects possible threat of collision and notifies driver If the driver does not react quickly enough or does not react at all, this feature intervenes to brake in an effort to avoid accidents. side blind zone (using radar sensors on both sides of the vehicle, the system is "visible" to other vehicles in the Impala zone of blindness and indicates their presence with LED-lit symbols in the outer mirror.
Honda
2003: Honda introduces autonomous braking (Collision Mitigation Brake System CMBS, originally CMS) front collision avoidance system on Inspire and later at Acura, uses a radar-based system to monitor the situation ahead and provide brake assistance if the driver reacts by not enough force on the brake pedal after warnings on the instrument cluster and tightening of seat belts. Honda system is the first production system that provides automatic braking. The Honda 2003 system also incorporates an "E-Pretensioner", which works with the CMBS system with an electric motor on the seat belt. When enabled, CMBS has three warning stages. The first warning phase includes voice and visual warnings for brakes. If ignored, the second stage will include an E-Pretensioner pulling the shoulders of the seat belt two to three times as an additional tactile warning to the driver to take action. The third stage, in which CMBS predicts that collisions can not be avoided, including full seat belt retrieval by E-Pretensioner for the protection of more effective seat belts and automated brake applications to reduce the severity of accidents predicted. E-Pretensioner will also work to reduce the sagging seat belt every time the brakes are applied and the brake assist system is activated.
Mercedes-Benz
2002: The "Pre-Safe" Mercedes system is on display at the Paris Motor Show in 2003 S-Class. Using electronic stability control sensors to measure steering angle, vehicle yaw, and lateral acceleration and brake assist (BAS) sensors for detecting emergency braking, the system can tighten the seatbelt, adjust the seating position including the rear seat (if mounted), raise the folded back headrests (if installed), and close the sunroof if it detects possible collisions (including rollover). The latest version of the Pre-Safe system comes with an additional function that can close all open windows if needed.
2006: Mercedes-Benz's "Brake Assist BAS Plus" is their first forward warning collision system introduced on the W221 S-Class, incorporating an autonomous cruise control system and adding radar-based collision warnings. 2006: "Pre-Safe Brake" on CL-Class C216 is the first they offer partial autonomous braking (40%, or up to 0.4g deceleration) if the driver does not react to BAS Plus warning and the system detects severe accident hazards.
2009: Mercedes introduces the first Pre-Safe Brakes with full autonomous braking (100%) with maximum braking about 0.6 seconds before impact, on the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212).
2013: Mercedes update Pre-Safe on the W222 S-Class as a plus with the help of cross-traffic. Pre-Safe with pedestrian detection and City Brake function is a combination of stereo camera and radar sensor to detect pedestrians in front of the vehicle. Visual and acoustic warnings are triggered when danger is seen. If the driver then reacts by braking, braking power will be pushed when the situation requires, until the brake application is full. If the driver fails to react, the Pre-Safe Brake triggers an autonomous vehicle braking. Active pedestrian detection up to about 72 km/h (45 mph), and able to reduce the collision with pedestrians independently from the initial speed up to 50 km/h (31 mph). A radar sensor in the rear bumper monitors the traffic behind the vehicle. If an impact risk from behind is detected, the rear danger warning light is activated to alert the driver of the vehicle behind (not on vehicles with US/Canadian coding). Anticipatory inhabitant protection measures, such as reversible tensioner belts, are deployed. If the vehicle stops and the driver indicates a desire to remain silent - by pressing the brake pedal, activating the hold function, or moving the selector lever to "P" - the system increases the brake pressure to keep the vehicle in brake during the possibility of a rear collision. Pre-Safe Impulse works in the early phase of the accident, before the resulting deceleration begins to increase, the occupants are pulled away from the impact and deeper into their seat by their seat belts. At the time of the accident entering the phase when loading the peak, the extra distance drawn by them can be used while discharging the energy in a controlled way. Pre-acceleration and power restrictions allow passengers to be temporarily isolated from accident effects, significantly reducing the risk and severity of injuries in frontal collisions.
Nissan
The Infiniti brand from Nissan offers laser-based and radar-based systems. The brake assist with the preview function anticipates the need to apply the emergency braking and pre-pressure brake system to help improve the brake response. Intelligent brake assist (IBA) with forward emergency braking (FX) (on QX80) uses a radar to monitor the speed of approaching the vehicle in front, helping to detect an imminent collision. It provides a two-stage warning to alert the driver, and if the driver does not take action, the system automatically brakes to reduce the collision and impact speeds. The predictive warning collision warning system warns the driver of the risks that may be obscured from the view of the driver. It senses the relative speed and distance of the vehicle directly ahead, as well as the vehicle running in front of the previous one. The front-end braking system assesses the slowdown required, this tells the driver to use the screen and sound display, then generates a force that pushes the gas pedal upward and implements partial braking to help the driver slow down the vehicle's speed. When the system judges that there is a possibility of a collision, it will automatically apply a harder braking to help avoid one.
Subaru
The Subaru system, branded "EyeSight", was announced in May 2008 using stereo camera technology to detect pedestrians and cyclists. As originally announced, EyeSight enables pre-collision braking control and adaptive shipping control at all speeds. It was launched in Japan for selected models in 2010; in Australia in 2011; and in North America on the 2013 model model of Legacy and Outback. Alarms are used to warn drivers of potential collision hazards in pre-collision systems. Pre-collision braking controls were upgraded in 2010 to allow the vehicle to stop automatically if the speed difference between EyeSight-equipped vehicles and objects ahead is less than 30 km/h (19 mi/h) and drivers do not take action to slow or stop. Above 30 km/h (19 mi/h), the vehicle will reduce the speed automatically. It also allows the vehicle to engage braking help if there is a risk of frontal collision and the driver suddenly applies the brakes. The speed difference to allow the auto stop to be raised to 50 km/h (31 mi/h) in 2013 with an enhanced camera. Adaptive shipping controls were also upgraded in 2010 to allow automatic emergency braking in traffic, completely halting the EyeSight vehicle when the car in front has stopped completely. In 2013, color is added to the camera, allowing the system to recognize brake lights and red lights in front of it. Subaru also added active lane work (keeping the vehicle in the center of the track, and applying steering force to keep the vehicle on track when it accidentally crosses the path marker) and throttle management (to prevent unexpected sudden acceleration ahead and backward) of the system at 2013 with an enhanced camera. EyeSight has been very popular, equipped with about 90% of all Legacy and Outback sold in Japan in early 2012, and the engineers responsible for its development won a prize from the Japanese government that year.
Toyota
Toyota's pre-collision system (PCS) is a radar-based system that uses forward-facing millimeter wave radar. When the system determines that frontal collisions are unavoidable, preemptively tighten the seatbelt, release any slack, and pre-brake the brake by using brake support to give the driver maximum braking power when the driver presses the brake pedal. 2003 February: Toyota launches PCS on the domestically-redeveloped Japan Harrier 2003 August market: adds an automated partial pre-crash braking system to the Celsior. September 2003: PCS is available in North America on the Lexus LS 430, the first radar guided front-end collision warning system offered in the US.
2004: In July 2004, Majesta Mahkota Majesta PCS added one digital camera to improve the accuracy of the collision forecast and the level of warning and control
2006: Pre-collision system with Driver Control System introduced in March 2006 in Lexus GS 450h using CCD camera on the steering column. This system monitors the driver's face to determine where the driver is looking. If the driver's head is turned off the road and frontal obstacles are detected, the system will alert the driver to use the bell, and if necessary, pre-charge the brakes and tighten the seat belt. 2006: Lexus LS introduces advanced pre-collision system (APCS), adds a dual lens stereo camera located on the windshield and a more sensitive radar to detect smaller "soft" objects such as animals and pedestrians. The near-infrared projector located at the headlights allows the system to work at night. With adaptive variable suspension (AVS) and electric power steering, the system can change the stiffness of the shock absorber, steering wheel ratio, and torque that helps to assist the blind driving steps of the driver. The lane departure warning system will make automatic steering adjustments to help ensure that the vehicle maintains its path if the driver fails to react. Driver Monitoring System was introduced on Lexus LS. The rear pre-collision system includes a rear-millimeter wave radar mounted on the rear bumper. The system adjusts active head restraints by moving upwards and forwards to reduce the risk of whiplash injury if a rear collision is to be detected.
2008: Improved Driver Monitoring System added to Crown to detect whether the driver's eyes are open properly. It monitors the driver's eye to detect the driver's level of awareness. The system is designed to work even if the driver wears sunglasses, and at night. 2008 PCS with GPS-related navigation brake assist function on Crown. The system is designed to determine whether the driver is late slowing down on an approaching stop sign, then it will sound a warning and can also pre-fill the brakes to provide braking power if deemed necessary. This system works in certain Japanese cities and requires a special Japanese road marker detected by the camera.
2009: Crown adds a front-side millimeter wave radar to detect potential side collisions especially at intersections or when other vehicles cross the midline. The latest version tilts the rear seat upwards, placing passengers in a more ideal crash position if it detects a front or rear impact.
2012: APCS High Speed ​​on the Lexus LS allows a slowdown of up to 37 mph (60 km/h), compared to the previous 25 mph (40 km/h). Higher APCS speeds use the same technology as the current APCS. This system increases the braking power up to twice that applied by the average racer. It was not available in the US market at the moment.
2013: Pre-collision system with avoiding pedestrian steering assistance and steering bypass help can help prevent collisions in cases where automatic braking alone is not enough, such as when the vehicle runs too fast or the pedestrian suddenly stepped into the lane of the vehicle. An on-board sensor detects pedestrians and issues a visual warning on the dashboard immediately in front of the driver if the system determines that there is a risk of a collision. If the possibility of a collision increases, the system issues audio and visual alarms to induce the driver to take circumvention measures, and pre-collision braking and automatic braking functions are enabled. If the system determines that a collision can not be avoided by braking only and there is enough room to dodge, the steering aid is activated to steer the vehicle away from the pedestrian.
2016: Toyota announces it will make Toyota Safety Sense and Lexus Safety System standard on almost all Japanese, European and US models by the end of 2017.
2017: In the 2017 model year of the US, Toyota sells more vehicles equipped with warnings than any other single brand with a total of 1.4 million sold or 56% of their fleet.
2018: Toyota releases the new Toyota Safety Sense 2.0 to include Lane Tracing Assist, Road Sign Assist, and Low-Light Pedestrian Detection with Daylight Bike Detector that enhances Pre-Collision System. This will be standard on all 2019 models including the 2019 Toyota Corolla and Toyota RAV4.
Volkswagen
2010: "Front Assist" in 2011 Volkswagen Touareg can brake the car to stop in an emergency and tension seat belts as a precaution. 2012: Volkswagen Golf Mk7 introduces "Proactive Occupant Protection" which will close the window and pull back the seatbelt to eliminate the excess slack if the potential for future accidents is detected. Multi-collision brake system (automatic post-collision braking system) to automatically brake the car after the accident to avoid a second collision. City emergency braking automatically activates the brakes at low speeds in urban situations. 2014: Volkswagen Passat (B8) introduces pedestrian recognition as part of the system. It uses a fusion sensor between the camera and radar sensor. There is "emergency help" if the driver does not react, the car takes the brake and steering control until it stops completely.
Volvo
2006: "Collision Warning with Automatic Brakes" Volvo, developed in collaboration with Mobileye, was introduced to S80 in 2007. The system is powered by radar sensors/camera sensors and provides warning through heads up displays that visually resemble brake lights. If the driver does not react, the system will pre-charge the brakes and increase the sensitivity of the brake aids to maximize the driver's braking performance. The next version will automatically apply the brakes to minimize the impact of pedestrians. In some Volvo models, the automatic braking system can be turned off manually. The V40 also includes the first pedestrian airbag, when it was introduced in 2012.
2013: Volvo introduces the first cyclist detection system. All Volvo cars are now standard with lidar laser sensors that monitor the front of the road, and if a potential collision is detected, the seat belt will pull back to reduce the excess slack. Volvo now includes this security device as optional in FH series trucks.
2015: "IntelliSafe" with automatic brakes at the intersection. Volvo XC90 has an automatic braking feature if the driver spins in front of the oncoming car. This is a common scenario on busy city crossings as well as on highways, where speed limits are higher.
List of cars with collision avoidance features available
New car assessment program
EuroNCAP and C-NCAP are involved in accounting for Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) in their respective New Car Assessment Program.
Since 2016, EuroNCAP considers pedestrians in AEB rankings.
In 2018, EuroNCAP provides assessment for: AEB cities (since 2014), AEB interurban (since 2014), AEB pedestrians (since 2018) and AEB cyclists (since 2018).
Cost
AEB is not available for any car. When AEB is available as an option, the fee can be in the range of Ã, Â £ 180 - Ã, Â £ 1300.
However, for various reasons, AEB costs are related to the cost of ACC and FCW.
See also
References
- "Breaking the Bank: The Precrash system is now available for a hefty price". AutoWeek . Retrieved March 17, 2006 .
- "Keeping the Car from Crashing". IEEE spectrum .
External links
- Technology Damage Removal Overview, IIHS
- Rank of the existing collision avoidance system, Insurance Institute for Road Safety, January 2017.
- Argenia Railway Technologies (2005). Collision Avoidance System for Railways (2005).
- US Department of Transportation: Innovative Research and Technology Administration
- Ford: Driving Safer Through the vehicle collision avoidance system
- Intelligent Transportation System: Conflict Avoidance
- ERSEC Project (FP7 247955): Enhanced Road Security by integrating the Egnos-Galileo data with On-board control system for auto collision avoidance applications
- Acumine Collision Avoidance Safety System (ACASS)
- DSRC/Wave Vehicle Communication and eTEXAS Traffic Simulator
- Euro NCAP match survey
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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