The history of chiropractic began in 1895 when Daniel David Palmer of Iowa made the first chiropractic adjustment to a partially deaf cleanser, Harvey Lillard. While Lillard worked without his shirt at Palmers' office, Lillard bent to empty the trash can. Palmer noticed that Lillard had a vertebral position. He asks Lillard what happened, and Lillard replied, "I moved in the wrong direction, and I heard 'pop' on my back, and that's when I lost my hearing." Palmer, who was also involved in many other natural healing philosophies, made Lillard lie face down on the floor and continue adjusting. The next day, Lillard told Palmer, "I can hear that racket on the street." This experience made Palmer open a chiropractic school two years later. Reverend Samel Weed coined the word "chiropractic" from Greek roots. The earliest philosophy of Chiropractic is rooted in vitalism, naturalism, magnetism, spiritualism and other constructs which can not be accepted by the scientific method, although Palmer tries to combine science and metaphysics. In 1896, Palmer's first description and underlying chiropractic philosophy echoed the principles of osteopathy established by Andrew Still a decade earlier. Both describe the body as a "machine" whose parts can be manipulated to produce a drug without drugs. Both recognize the use of spinal manipulation in joint dysfunction/subluxation to improve health. Palmer distinguishes his work by noting that he was the first to use the HVLA short-lever manipulation technique using spinous processes and transversal processes as a mechanical lever. He described the effects of chiropractic spinal manipulation as mediated primarily by the nervous system.
Despite the similarities between chiropractic and osteopathy, the latter practitioners sought to differentiate themselves by seeking licenses to regulate the profession, calling chiropractic "a littered osteopathy". In 1907 in a new osteopathic legal test, Wisconsin-based chiropractors were charged with the practice of osteopathic treatment without a license. Unlicensed practice causes many chiropractors, including D.D. Palmer, imprisoned. Ironically the defense law of Palmers of chiropractic consists of the first chiropractic book 'Modernized Chiropractic' published in 1906, written by the "mixer" chiropractors Longworthy, Smith, et al., Whom Palmers hate. Although chiropractors won their first test case in Wisconsin in 1907, prosecutions triggered by the state medical board became increasingly common and in many cases they succeeded. In response, chiropractors conducted political campaigns to secure separate licensing laws, eventually succeeding in all fifty states, from Kansas in 1913 to Louisiana in 1974.
The division within the profession has been intense, with "mixers" incorporating spinal adjustments with other treatments, and "straight" relying only on spinal adjustments. The conference, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health in 1975, encouraged the development of chiropractic research. The American Medical Association called chiropractic an "unscientific cult" and boycotted it until it lost an antitrust case in 1987. For much of its existence, chiropractic has struggled with mainstream medicine, underpinned by antifientific and pseudoscientific ideas such as subluxation. In the mid-1990s there was an increasing scientific interest in chiropractic.
Video History of chiropractic
1890
In 1895, the world was in the Second Industrial Revolution, characterized by innovation and creativity. Health care comes from the practice of heroic medicine. All kinds of treatments and healings including scientific medicine, vitalism, herbalism, magnetism and leeches, spears, tinctures and patent medicines compete to become the new method for this century. Neither consumers nor many practitioners have much knowledge about the causes, or cures for, illness. Modern medical theory, driven by Louis Pasteur's rejection of the spontaneous generation theory of the centuries in 1859, grew when Charles Darwin published his book on natural selection. The German bacteriologist Robert Koch formulates his postulate, bringing scientific clarity to a new field. Drugs, medicines and lice drugs are becoming more common and unregulated. Concerned about what he saw as the nature of drug abuse, MD Andrew Taylor Still ventured in magnetic healing (which means hypnotism) and bone formation in 1875. He opened the American School of Osteopathy (ASO) in Kirksville, Missouri in 1892.
First chiropractic adjustment
Daniel David Palmer (D.D. Palmer), a traveling guru and merchant transforming a magnetic healer, opened his magnetic healing office in Davenport, Iowa in 1886. After nine years, D.D. Palmer gave the first chiropractic adjustment to Harvey Lillard, on September 18, 1895. According to D.D. Palmer, adjusting the spine is a cure for all diseases for mankind.
Palmer and his patient, Harvey Lillard, gave a different report on when and how Palmer began experimenting with spinal manipulation. Palmer recalls an incident in 1895 when he was investigating the medical history of a partial deaf man, Harvey Lillard. Lillard told Palmer that while working in a narrow area seventeen years earlier, he had felt a 'pop' on his back, and was almost deaf since then. Palmer's examination found a lump of pain that he believed to be a misalignment of the spine and a possible cause of poor Lillard hearing. Palmer claimed to have corrected the discrepancy and that Lillard's hearing improved.
Palmer says "there is nothing unintentional about this, as is done with the object being seen, and the expected result is obtained." There is nothing 'rough' about this adjustment: it is so specific that no chiropractor approves it. "
However, this version is disputed by Lillard's daughter Valdeenia Lillard Simons. He says that his father told him that he told a joke to a friend in the hall outside Palmer's office and, Palmer, who had read, joined them. When Lillard hit the blow line, Palmer, laughing out loud, slapped Lillard on the back with his hand on the heavy book he was reading. A few days later, Lillard told Palmer that his hearing looked better. Palmer then decided to explore manipulation as an extension of his magnetic healing exercises. Simons says, "The bottom line is that if they can make [something], then they will both share, but that does not happen."
Since D.D. Palmer's first claim to hearing hearing to Harvey Lillard, there is controversy over whether a link really exists between the adjustment of the spine and the return of hearing. Critics assert that spinal adjustment can not affect certain areas - such as the brain - because the spinal cord does not extend to the encephalon. Years later, V. Strang, DC illustrates several neurological explanations including the recognition that the sympathetic nerves arising in the lateral horn of the thoracic level of the spine form the upper cervical ganglion with the postganglionic fibers rising to supply, inter alia, the brain blood vessels, but still without connection to hear. However, others speak of vertebral subluxation.
Maps History of chiropractic
Initial growth
After the Harvey Lillard case, Palmer stated: "I have a case of heart disorder that does not improve, I examine the spine and find the refugee vertebra suppress the nerves that conserve the heart.I adjust the vertebrae and provide immediate relief - no" accidental "or" "on this matter.Then I started thinking if two diseases, so different as deafness and heart disorders, come from puncture, pressure on the nerves, not other diseases due to the same cause? (Knowledge) and art (adjustment) of Chiropractic formed at the time that. "
DD. Palmer asks a patient and friend, Pdt. Samuel Weed, to help him mention his discovery. He suggests incorporating the words cheiros and praktos (meaning "done by hand") to describe Palmer's treatment method, creating the term " chiropractic." DD originally hoped to keep his discovery into a family secret, but in 1896 he added the school to his magnetic healing room, and began teaching others about his method. This will be known as the Palmer School of Chiropractic (PSC, now Palmer College of Chiropractic). Among the first graduates were Andrew P. Davis MD, DO, William A. Seally, MD, B.J. Palmer (D.D.'s son), Solon M. Langworthy, John Howard, and Shegataro Morikubo. Langworthy moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa and opened a second chiropractic school in 1903, the American School of Chiropractic & amp; Nature Cure (ASC & NC), combining it with what will be the cure of naturopathy and osteopathy. DD. Palmer, who is not interested in mixing chiropractic with other drugs, declined an offer to become a partner.
DD. Palmer established a magnetic healing facility in Davenport, Iowa, setting himself up as a 'doctor'. Not everyone is sure, like a local newspaper in 1894 writes of him: "A crank on a magnet has a crazy notion that he can heal a sick and paralyzed with his magnetic hand.The victim is a weak-minded, stupid and superstitious person, they are fools who has been sick for years and is tired of ordinary physicians and wants health by the shortcut method... he must have benefited from the ignorance of his victims... The increase in his business shows what can be done in Davenport, even by a shaman. "
Changing the political environment and health care
The early 19th century has seen the emergence of patent medicine and nostrum rheumatoid trade. Although some drugs are sold through GPs, most are sold directly to consumers by lay people, some of them using questionable advertising claims. The effects of addiction, and sometimes toxicity, of some drugs, especially morphine-based drugs and mercury (known as quicksilver or quack) in German, encourage the emergence of less harmful alternatives, such as homeopathy and medicine eclectic. In the mid-19th century, when the germ theory began to replace the cause of metaphysical diseases, the search for invisible microbes required the world to embrace scientific methods as a way of discovering the causes of disease.
In the US, licenses for health care professionals almost disappeared during the Civil War, leaving the profession open to anyone who felt like a doctor; the market itself determines who will prove successful and who does not. Medical schools are abundant, inexpensive and mostly private. With free entry into the profession, and inexpensive and available medical education, many men enter the practice, leading to an overabundance of practitioners who lower the income of individual doctors. In 1847, the American Medical Association (AMA) was established and set a higher standard for early medical education and for MD. At that time, most medical practitioners were unable to meet stringent standards, so the "grandfather clause" was included. The effect is to limit the number of new practitioners.
In 1849, the AMA formed a council to analyze quack and nostrum drugs and to enlighten the public about their nature and their dangers. The relationship was developed with pharmaceutical companies in an effort to dampen the patent drug crisis and consolidate the patient base around the doctor. At the turn of the 20th century, the AMA has established the National Legislation Committee to represent the AMA in Washington and reorganized as a national organization of local states and associations. The strong political pressure by the AMA resulted in an unlimited and unlimited license only for medical doctors trained in AMA-supported universities. In 1901, state medical boards were created in almost every state, requiring licenses to grant diplomas from AMA-approved medical schools. In 1910, the AMA was a powerful force; this is the beginning of organized medicine.
In 1880, the teaching profession also began to undergo significant changes. Advances in chemistry and science in Germany create strong incentives to create a market for their new products. In 1895, the new "Kulturopolitic" ideology of "First teach them, then sell them" has begun to create the political pressure necessary to improve teaching in science and mathematics in US schools and colleges. The medical school was the first to suffer the attack; they are ridiculed as obsolete - inadequate - and inefficient. The crisis attracted the attention of some of the richest people in the world. In 1901, John D. Rockefeller created the "Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research". In 1906, the AMA Medical Education Council had made an unacceptable list of schools. In 1910, the Flexner Report, funded by the Carnegie Foundation, closed hundreds of private medical and homeopathic schools and named Johns Hopkins as model school. AMA has created a federally subsidized non-profit university hospital set up as a new teaching facility of the medical profession, effectively gaining control over all federal health research and student assistance.
Osteopathic medicine vs chiropractic medicine
In 1870 Palmer was "probably" a student of metaphysics, becoming a science student in 1890 when practicing magnetic healing and after "discovering" chiropractic in 1895 trying to combine science and metaphysics.In 1896, DD Palmer's first description and philosophy underlying chiropractic is very similar to the principles of osteopathy established by Andrew Still a decade before, both of which describe the body as a "machine" whose parts can be manipulated to produce a drug without medicine, both of which recognize the use of spinal manipulation of joint dysfunction to improve health; Chiropractic nicknames this manipulable lesion as a "subluxation" that disrupts the nervous system Palmer draws further differences by noting that he was the first to use a short-lane manipulation technique using spinous processes and transversal processes as a mechanical lever to dysfunction spinal cord. Soon after, osteopaths began a broad American campaign stating that chiropractic is a stained form of osteopathy and seeking a license to differentiate. Although Palmer was initially denied training by founding osteopathic drug A.T. However, in 1899 in a paper held at the Palmer College of Chiropractic he wrote:
- "A few years ago I took an expensive course in Electropathy, Cranial Diagnosis, Hydrotherapy, Face Diagnosis, and then I took Osteopathy which gave me a measure of self-confidence such as almost feeling no need to seek other knowledge. mastery of the curable disease It has been determined that the philosophy underlying chiropractic is the same as osteopathy... Chiropractic is osteopathy for seed. "
Medicine vs chiropractic
From the beginning, chiropractic became a controversy among existing medical orthodoxies. Chiropractors were imprisoned for "practicing medicine without a license" whose profession designs legal and political defenses against prosecution on the grounds that chiropractic is "separate and distinct from medicine", asserting that chiropractors "are analyzed" rather than "diagnosed", and "adapted" subluxation rather than " treated ". In 1963, the American Medical Association formed a "Committee on Quackery" designed to "contain and eliminate" the chiropractic profession. In 1966, the AMA referred to chiropractic as "an unscientific cult" and until 1980 and stated that it is unethical for physicians to associate themselves with "unscientific practitioners". Then in 1987, the AMA was found to be engaged in an unlawful conspiracy in holding trade "to withhold and eliminate the chiropractic profession." In the 1980s, spinal manipulation gained mainstream recognition and has encouraged sustained cooperation into the study of manipulative therapy and a model of chiropractic care delivery for musculoskeletal conditions in the major health care sector.
In September 1899, a medical doctor in Davenport named Heinrich Matthey started a campaign against a drugless healer in Iowa, demanding changes in legislation to prevent a drugless healer from practicing in the state and claiming that health education could no longer be entrusted to anyone unless the doctor's medicine. Osteopathic schools across the country responded by developing college inspection and accreditation programs. DD. Palmer, whose school has just graduated from seventh grade students, insists that the technique does not require the same courses or licenses as drugs, because the graduate does not prescribe drugs or evaluate blood or urine. In 1901, D.D. accused of misinterpreting a course of chiropractic that is not a real science. He persisted in his strong stance against the license, citing freedom of choice as the cause. He was arrested twice more in 1906, and although he argued that he did not practice medicine, he was convicted of admitting he could cure diseases without a license in medicine or osteopathy. Dr. Solon Langworthy, who continues to mix chiropractic in ASC & amp; NC, taking a different route to chiropractic. He improved the classroom and provided a learning curriculum instead of a single course. He narrows the scope of chiropractic to the treatment of the spine and nervous system, leaving the blood working for osteopathy, and begins to refer to the brain as a "life force". He was the first to use word subluxation to describe a misalignment that narrows the "spinal window" (or intervertebral foramina) and interferes with the nerve energy. In 1906, Langworthy published the first book on chiropractic, Modernized Chiropractic "Ã, -" Special Philosophy - Different System . He brings chiropractic to the scientific arena.
B.J. Palmer redeveloped chiropractic
DD. Student and son Palmer, B.J. Palmer, took over the Palmer School in 1906, and promoted professionalism and formal training in chiropractic, extending enrollment to a peak of over 1,000 students in the early 1920s. The chiropractic leaders of the time often gave rise to a religious image, and B.J. seriously considering declaring chiropractic as a religion, decided to oppose this in part to avoid confusion with Christian Science. B.J. also worked to overcome chiropractic early resistance to the use of medical technology, by receiving diagnostic technology such as spinal X-ray (which he called spinography ) in 1910.
DC prosecution for unlicensed practices after D.D. Palmer and previous charges against B.J. Palmer produces B.J. and several Palmer graduates created the Universal Chiropractic Association (UCA). The initial goal is to protect their members by covering their legal costs if they are arrested. The first case occurred in 1907, when Shegataro Morikubo DC of Wisconsin was charged with the practice of unlicensed osteopathy. It is a test of the new osteopathy law. In an ironic irony, using Langworthy's Modernized Chiropractor's book mixer, lawyer Tom Morris legally distinguishes chiropractic from osteopathy by the difference in philosophy of the supremacy of the nerve chiropractic and osteopathy "arterial supremacy". Morikubo was liberated, and victory reshaped the development of the chiropractic profession, which later marketed itself as a science, art and philosophy, and B.J. Palmer became a "Chiropractic philosopher".
B.J. Palmer believes that their chiropractic school was founded on "... a business, not a professional base.We produce chiropractors, we teach them ideas and then we show them how to sell them." The next 15 years opened more than 30 chiropractic schools, including Chiropractic National School John Howard (now National University of Health Sciences) who moved to Chicago, Illinois. Each school tries to develop its own identity, while B.J. Palmer continues to develop the philosophy behind his father's discovery. Fueled by persistent and provocative advertising from recent chiropractic graduates, the local medical community, which has the power of the state they have, promptly got them arrested. There are only 12,000 chiropractors who practice with over 15,000 prosecutions for practicing unlicensed medicine within the first 30 years. DD. Palmer was also imprisoned for practicing medicine without a license. Tom Morris and his partner, Fred Hartwell, managed to keep 80% through UCA. B.J. then will record about the battles:
- "We always pay attention to the early days when UCA... uses various means to defeat the demands of the medical courts.We are legally stretched in this and that way, here and there.We do not diagnose, treat, or We analyze, tailor-made, and congenital causes in patients who are cured.All are professional facts in science, therefore justified in the use of the law to overcome trials and medical beliefs. "
The effects over the next few years subdivide the mixer, or those who combine chiropractic with other drugs, from straights practicing chiropractic by themselves.
D.D. The last years of Palmer
While B.J. works to protect and develop chiropractic around the Palmer school, D.D. Palmer continues to develop techniques from Oregon. In 1910, he theorized that nerves control health.
Prior to his sudden and controversial death in 1913, D.D. Palmer often voiced concern for the management of chiropractic B.J. Palmer. He challenged the method and philosophy of B.J. and try as much as possible to regain chiropractic control. He rejected earlier theories that subluxation of the spine causes the nerve to be caught in an intervertebral space in favor of subluxation causing a change of nerve vibration, too tense or too loose, affecting the tone (health) of the final organ and noting, "A subluxation vertebra... is the cause of 95 percent of all diseases... The other five percent is caused by a detached joint apart from the spine. "
During a long battle fighting for a license in California, in 1911 he wrote about his philosophy for chiropractic, and hinted at his plan for a chiropractic legal defense.
In " The Chiropractor ", published posthumously in 1914, D.D. Palmer reviewed the topic of chiropractic as a religion, citing F.W. Carlin says " Chiropractic Religion does not make sense" . He went on: "I agree with Dr. Carlin to say or think that Chiropractic, or Chiropractic, the science, art and philosophy, all three combined, have a religion, are totally unreasonable and ridiculous ".
The 2008 book Trick or Treatment states that in 1913 B.J. Palmer bumped into his father, D.D. Palmer, at a homecoming parade for the Palmer School of Chiropractic. Several weeks later D.D. Palmer died. The official cause of death was recorded as typhoid. The Trick or Treatment book indicates "it seems more likely that his death was a direct result of an injury caused by his son." There is speculation that it was not an accident, but rather a patricide case. Chiropractic Historian Joseph C. Keating, Jr. has described the patricide effort of D.D. Palmer as a "myth" and "unreasonable in his face" and quotes an eyewitness who remembers that DD was not struck by BJ's car, but instead, has stumbled. He also said that "Joy Loban, DC, the real executor of DD, voluntarily withdrew a civil suit demanding compensation against B.J Palmer, and that some grand juries repeatedly refused to file criminal charges against his son." They have become the mortal enemies of chiropractic leadership. B.J. Palmer hates his father for the way he treats his family, stating that his father hit his three children with a rope and was heavily involved in chiropractic that he barely knew his children. D. D. claimed that his son B. J. hit him with his car.
Straights versus Mixers
State laws to regulate and protect chiropractic practices are introduced in all fifty states in the United States. The Medical Examination Council works to keep all health practices under their legal control, but internal struggles among DCs on how to draft laws complicate the process. Initially, UCA, led by B.J. Palmer, opposed the state license altogether. Palmer fears such regulation will lead to the MD doctor's control of the profession. UCA finally surrendered, but B.J. remains strong in the opinion that the board of examiners should be composed exclusively of the chiropractors (not mixers), and the educational standards to be obeyed are the same as the Palmer School. A "Bill Model" was designed in 1922 to present to all countries that do not yet have legislation. They warned state associations to clear their mixing members or face competition with the formation of new "straight" associations in their country.
Although D.D. and B.J. "straight" and underestimated the use of instruments, some early chiropractors, roughly called BLE "mixers", advocated the use of instruments. In 1910, B.J. changing direction and supporting X-rays necessary for diagnosis; this resulted in a significant exodus from the Palmer School of the more conservative faculty and students.
Camp mixers grew until 1924 B. J. estimated that only 3,000 of 25,000 US chiropractors remained aligned. That year, the discovery and promotion of BTJs from neurocalometers, temperature sensing devices, was highly controversial among B.J. In the 1930s chiropractic was the largest alternative healing profession in the US.
Mixers, annoyed by the PSC's fatwa so influential in their everyday practice, created the American Chiropractic Association (one of the earliest predecessors to the current ACA). Although born out of the need to defend itself from UCA attacks, the goal of the ACA is to advance education and research for chiropractic. Its growth was initially hampered by its resolution to recognize physiotherapy and other modalities associated with chiropractic. The growth of what happens is credited to the second president, Frank R. Margetts, DC with the support of his alma mater, National Chiropractic College. He insisted that no college administrator could hold an official position in the association, giving doctors on the field a collective vote. But the disagreements within the UCA in 1924 changed the tide for the ACA. B.J. still working to clean up the mixer from practicing chiropractic, and he sees new discoveries by Dossa D. Evans, "Neurocalometer" (NCM), in answer to all chiropractic and financial legal issues (and especially PSCs). As the owner of a patent at NCM, he plans to limit the number of NCM to 5000 and rent it only to related school graduates Palmer who is a member of UCA. He later claimed that the NCM was the only way to accurately locate subluxation, preventing more than 20,000 mixers in order to preserve their practice methods.
There was a direct uproar in DC practicing circles. Even Tom Moore, a longtime ally and UCA president, expressed his disappointment by resigning (though he was later restored). B.J. reluctantly resigned as treasurer, ending his relationship with UCA. B.J. moved to form the Chiropractic Health Bureau (ICA today), along with his loyal supporters and Fred Hartwell (partner Tom Moore) acting as council. Membership at UCA falls when ACA membership increases. In 1930, ACA and UCA joined to form the National Chiropractic Association (NCA). The NCA developed the Education Standards Committee (CES), making John J. Nugent DC responsible for improving education standards for the profession. Unacceptable years of school consolidation or closing while developing new standards resulted in Nugent's nickname "Chiropractic's Abraham Flexner" from his admirers and "Chiropractic's Anti-christ" from his opponents. CES evolved into the Chiropractic Education Council (CCE) today, and was awarded the status of chiropractic accreditation body by the US Department of Education. Nugent also plays a role in the Chiropractic Research Foundation (CRF), the Chiropractic Education and Research Foundation (FCER) today. The differences in existing state law can be traced back to this initial legal struggle.
Chiropractic struggles with survival and identity during its formative years, including internal struggles between leaders and academies. Chiropractic is rooted in a mystical concept, leading to an internal conflict between straights and mixers that continues to this day. Objective Straight chiropractors, which are branches of the straight, focus only on the correction of chiropractic spinal subluxation while the traditional straight claim that chiropractic adjustment is a sensible treatment for various diseases. Reform chiropractors is an evidence-based branch of a mixer that rejects traditional Palmer philosophy and tends not to use alternative treatment methods. From 1984 to about 2008, some of them were organized as the National Society for Chiropractic Medicine, an organization that faced strong opposition from the profession and ultimately ceased to exist.
Debate
There is a continued dispute about what is "default" and "subluxation" means chiropractic. Some chiropractors believe in innate intelligence, a trust-based, unscientific belief that has been a source of derision for chiropractors. Chiropractors have historically strongly opposed vaccinations based on their belief that all diseases can be traced to a cause in the spine, and therefore can not be affected by the vaccine; DD. Palmer writes, "It is highly unreasonable to attempt to 'protect' a person from smallpox or other disease by injecting them with poisonous animals." Many chiropractors continue to have antivaccine views, although vaccination is one of "the most effective public health measures of all time." Initial resistance to water fluoridation includes chiropractors in the United States. Some chiropractors oppose fluoridation of water as incompatible with chiropractic philosophy and violation of personal freedom. Although most chiropractic papers on vaccination focus on its negative aspects, anti-vaccination sentiment is supported by what appears to be a minority of chiropractors. Recently, other chiropractors have been actively promoting fluoridation, and some chiropractic organizations have endorsed the scientific principles of public health.
AMA plans to eliminate chiropractic
On November 2, 1963, the AMA Board of Governors created the "Committee on Quackery" with the first purpose of containing, and then eliminating chiropractic. H. Doyle Taylor, Director of the AMA's Investigation Department and Secretary of the Quackery Committee, outlines the necessary steps:
- to ensure that Medicare should not include chiropractic
- to ensure that the US Office of Education may not recognize or include chiropractic accreditation agencies
- to encourage the continuous separation of the two national associations
- to encourage the state medical community to take the initiative in their state legislatures in relation to laws that may affect chiropractic practice.
AMA works to disseminate information designed to discredit chiropractic through public media and scientific literature.
The old dispute between chiropractors and doctors has continued for decades. The AMA labeled chiropractic as an "unscientific cult" in 1966, and until 1980 it was unethical for physicians to associate with "unscientific practitioners". In 1975, an anonymous AMA man who described himself as a dissatisfied AMA staff and identified himself as "Afternoon Throat" released information on the Quackery Committee and proposed method for eliminating chiropractic to the press. This paper is the basis of Wilk et al. vs. AMA, a lawsuit brought by Chester Wilk, D.C., of Illinois and five co-plaintiffs against the AMA and several other defendants. After two trials, on September 25, 1987, Getzendanner expressed his opinion that the AMA had violated Part 1, but not 2, of the Sherman Act, and that he had engaged in an unlawful conspiracy in trade control "to withhold and eliminate the chiropractic profession. "(Wilk v. American Medical Ass'n, 671Ã, F. Supp. 1465, ND Ill. 1987).
Movement towards scientific reform
Research to test chiropractic theory began in 1935 with B.J. Palmer Research Clinic at Palmer College of Chiropractic in Davenport, Iowa. The clinic is divided into two divisions - the medical division and the chiropractic division. The medical division contained all standard medical tests at the time and was used to establish a medical diagnosis of the patient's condition before the patient received treatment. The chiropractic division provides treatments that include passive therapy, chiropractic adjustment and physical rehabilitation for various conditions diagnosed. The study continued at the research clinic B.J. Palmer until the death of B.J. Palmer in 1961 and the findings and findings of this patient case were the substance of the publication of B.J. Palmer over a period of 30 years.
By the late 1950s, health care in the United States had been altered: penicillin discovery and polio vaccine development had restored hope for millions of people, and homeopathic physicians had all disappeared as a result of antiquackery efforts of medical beliefs and AMA leadership efforts. B.J. reducing adjustments to HIOs (Hole In One - adjustments only atlas), while mixers continue to add and refine new ownership techniques to find and reduce subluxation and improve health. Osteopathy in the US develops in parallel with the drug and relies on spinal manipulation to treat illness. A similar reform movement began in chiropractic: shortly after BJ's death in 1961, a second generation chiropractor, Samuel Homola, wrote extensively about limiting the use of spinal manipulation, proposing that chiropractic as a medical specialty should focus on conservative care. musculoskeletal conditions. His sentiments echoed the attitude of the NCA Council Chairman (CO Watkins DC) twenty years earlier: "If we do not develop a scientific organization to test our own methods, organized medicine will usurp our privileges.When finding the value method, medical science will adopt it and include it into scientific medical practice. "Homola's membership in the newly formed ACA was not renewed, and his position was rejected by direct associations and mixers.
Chiropractic is classified as a pseudomedicine field because of its esoteric origin. Serious research to test chiropractic theory did not begin until the 1970s, and continues to be hampered by scientific and pseudoscientific ideas that retain the profession in long combat with organized drugs. In 1975, the National Institutes of Health brought chiropractors, osteopaths, medical doctors, and PhD scientists together in a conference on spinal manipulation to develop strategies for studying the effects of spinal manipulation. In 1978, the Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics (JMPT) was launched, and in 1981 it was included in the National Library of Medicine Index Medicus. Joseph C. Keating, Jr. the birth date of chiropractic as a science for the 1983 commentary on JMPT entitled "The underground chiropractic record" where Kenneth F. DeBoer, then an instructor in elementary science at Palmer College in Iowa, reveals the power of scientific journals (JMPT) to empower faculty at chiropractic school. DeBoer's opinion points to the faculty's authority to challenge the status quo, to openly deal with relevant, though sensitive, issues related to research, training and skepticism in chiropractic colleges, and to produce "cultural change" in chiropractic schools so as to enhance research and standards professional. It is a call for scientists and chiropractic scholars. In the mid-1990s there was an increasing scientific interest in chiropractic, which aided efforts to improve the quality of care and established clinical guidelines recommending manual therapy for acute lower back pain.
In 2008, Simon Singh was sued for defamation by the British Chiropractic Association (BCA) for criticizing their activities in the column at The Guardian. The preliminary hearing took place at the Royal Courts of Justice in front of Judge David Eady. The judge believes that simply using the phrase "happily promoting false care" means that it states, in fact, that the British Chiropractic Association is consciously dishonest in promoting chiropractic to treat the disease of children in question. An editorial in Nature has suggested that BCA might try to suppress the debate and that the use of the defamation laws of Britain is a burden on the right to freedom of expression, protected by the European Convention on Human Rights. The case of defamation ended with BCA revoking its lawsuit in 2010.
References
Further reading
- People, Holly. Religion Kiropraktik: Healing Populis from the Heart of America (U of North Carolina Press, 2017). xiv, 351 pp.
- Moore, J. Stuart. Chiropractic in America: alternative medical history (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
- Peterson, Dennis, and Glenda Wiese. Chiropractic: History illustrated (Mosby Incorporated, 1995).
- Wilson, Francis J.H., ed. Chiropractic in Europe: illustrated history (Troubador Publishing, 2007).
External links
- Association for Chiropractic History (AHC)
- Chiropractic History Archive @ Chiro.OrgÃ, - Joseph C. Keating Jr, PhD
- Chiropractic History - Journal of Associations for Chiropractic History
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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