Ground transportation is an important element of Australia's transport network, and the Australian economic enabler. Australia relies heavily on land transportation because of its vast Australian territory and low population density in most countries.
Another reason for the dependence on roads is that the Australian rail network has not been developed enough for many shipping and passenger requirements in most parts of Australia. This means that the goods that should be transported by train are transferred across Australia via a roadcar. Almost every household has at least one car, and uses it almost every day.
Victoria is the country with the highest arterial road density in Australia.
Video Road transport in Australia
Cost and funding
Funding and responsibility for Australia's road network is divided between three levels of government; Federal, State, and Local. Because of the great distances, low population density, and large, widely separated settlements, the cost and financing for roads in Australia have, historically, been a major fiscal problem for all levels of government, especially Federal and State. The popular phrase 'tyranny of distance', also the famous historical title, capturing the central role of transport in Australian policy, generates many conflicts. It was only after Bland's investigation in Victoria that there was an attempt to elaborate the complicated questions in economic theory and the practice of determining and measuring their road and allocation costs. In 1978-1980, McDonell Inquiry assessed road and rail transport in New South Wales as well as its affected cities and territories, ('central' Australian freight transport system). It was formed because of the blockade of 'trucks' and national disturbances that disrupted access to all the mainland capitals. This is largely triggered by the street tax rate. This investigation developed the first comprehensive theoretical and measurement system to assess and allocate road costs. The system is then applied more broadly, and then expanded, with further studies, for the formation of current national policies and principles.
The Federal Government provides funds under the AusLink program for several funding programs including:
- National Project
- National Network Maintenance is basically the National Highway, which consists of major highways and highways connecting major cities in Australia
- Road to Recovery Program - allocates funds to the board in each State or Territory.
- Black Spot program (fixes for high accident risk points)
- Strategic Regional Program
- Innovation and Research
- Funding for Local Roads
Highways and other major roads connecting regional centers are funded by their respective state governments. Local and small roads are generally funded by the third level of government, local councils.
The Australian Business Council in its Infrastructure Action Plan, estimates that in 2004, road infrastructure was funded by A $ 10 billion.
Maps Road transport in Australia
Roads and highways
Different road standards are generally referred to by various names. With wide population variations across the country, the name of the road does not necessarily reflect a particular road construction or capacity.
Highways, highways, highways and highways
The highway is the main road with more than one lane of traffic in each direction designed for higher speed operations. They have a wide barrier or line that separates traffic moving in opposite directions, and intersections separated by a class without roundabouts or traffic lights on the main lane. Some toll roads are called tolls or toll roads to avoid perceived difficulties by charging people to use the free way. Most Australian capitals have one or more highways crossing, passing, or leading to them.
When a limited access road was built in Sydney in the 1950s, starting with the Cahill Expressway, they were named as expressways, but in the 1960s Australian transport ministers agreed that they were called highways (as in the United States and other countries) other countries). The Cahill Expressway has retained its original name. Melbourne's South Eastern Freeway (now called 'Monash Freeway') is the second toll road opened in Australia, in 1961. However, it was originally just a short stroll.
Victoria has the most extensive major arterial network in the country, including toll roads.
Highway
There is a network of Australian national highways linking the capital of each state and other major cities. The national highway network is PART financed by the Federal Government of Australia with most of the funds coming from each country. Many argue that more needs to be spent on network maintenance and upgrading.
Every Australian state government maintains its own road network that connects most cities in the state. Highways and major roads include the Metroad, National Route, State Route and numbered routes corresponding to the Alphanumeric Route Numbering System.
Some highways in remote areas of Australia are not closed for high traffic volumes and are unsuitable for various weather conditions. After heavy rains they may be closed to traffic.
The path
Local government maintains most of the small roads in rural areas and streets in towns and suburbs.
Urban
Urban roads in Australia are generally closed, have a speed limit of 50 km/h and most are illuminated at night by street lighting.
Rural
Many rural roads are not sealed but are constructed on a gravel basis or are only clearly assessed and guarded from the earth.
Outback
Driving on a small inland road from a closed road can be dangerous, and motorists are generally advised to take precautions such as:
- find local advice
- make sure someone knows your travel plans
- left with the vehicle in case of damage
- animal awareness like kangaroo, especially at night
- traveling with ample drinking water supplies
Failure to observe these precautions may lead to death.
Ferries
The Spirit of Tasmania is a service operated by TT-Line with two sea ferries providing a "road" connection between Tasmania and the mainland. There is also a Searoad ferry service at the opening of Port Phillip which connects Sorrento and Queenscliff. Kangaroo Island is connected to Cape Jervis with SeaLink service.
Many crossroads over the lower Murray River are provided by Government-operated cable ferries.
Road rules and regulations
Economic regulations
Although the truck has played an important local transport role since it was introduced to Australia, it was not until the 1970s that greater road and truck repairs allowed for the rapid development of long-term operations and intense competition with rail transport. This situation leads to industrial disruption (see the Cost and funding section above) on the causes for which the Commission of Inquiry into the NSW freight industry is reported. The investigation made a series of recommendations for reforms involving economic principles, legal provisions, financing, economic regulation and safe operating conditions but found that effective action could not be taken at the State level. This will require a re-examination of the central issue of freedom of transportation between countries as confirmed in Section 92 of the Australian Constitution, and the development of appropriate national responses. With this basis, National Freight Inquiry, completed a comprehensive national industry survey with a large proposal. This resulted in a long development of new governance arrangements and policies for the regulation of road and rail transport economies. As a result, following the initiative of cooperative Federalism of the 1990s, these issues became the responsibility of the National Transport Commission, under the general supervision of the Council of Australia Transport Ministers.
Operation settings
Vehicles in Australia are right-hand drive, and vehicles travel on the left side of the road. Laws for all levels of government, largely aligned so drivers do not need to learn different rules as they cross national borders. The usual speed limit is 100 km/h outside the urban area (110 km/h in some way where the signpost). The main routes in the built areas are 80 km/h and 60 km/h, with streets generally limited to 50 km/h, often not separately marked. By the end of 2006, the main highway in the Northern Territory had no speed limit, but now its maximum speed is 130 km/h where the signboards are in Stuart, Barkly, Victoria and Arnhem Highways, with a default of 110 km/h on all rural roads others where not marked with signposted.
Speed ​​limits are applied with fixed and fixed cameras and mobile radar guns operated by police and the State Road Authorities such as VicRoads. Heavy transport operators should record their driving time in a notebook and take regular and limited rest periods in how long they can drive without a longer sleep.
If two roads with two lanes each path meet at a roundabout, then the roundabout is marked with two lanes as well. Left turn traffic must use left lane, and traffic turning right should approach and use right lane, walk clockwise around island in the center. General traffic generally can use good lane. Vehicles should show the intended direction when approaching the roundabout, and show the left as it passes through the exit before they want to leave. The vehicle entering the roundabout must give way to the vehicle already on it.
License
Typically, the first stage of licensing is obtaining a student license. The minimum age to get this in most states is 16, and it requires:
- passed the knowledge test on the road rules
- L special plates to display, usually showing black L on yellow background
- reduces the blood alcohol limit compared to unlimited drivers (accepted BAC varies by country)
- fully licensed drivers to be in the car with the learner at all times, which must also be below the legal alcohol limit (0.05 BAC in most states)
- some states will impose maximum speed for the learning driver (for example, New South Wales students are limited to 90 km/h)
- There is no requirement for professional training during the License or Trial license period.
After a certain period of time (usually between three and twelve months), and often a number of hours of practice, the student driver is entitled to apply for their license. In most states, there is also an age limit (which ranges from 16 Ã,½ to 18, depending on the state). In most countries, including NSW, QLD, WA, Bags and ACT, the limit is 17. This process usually involves a practical driving test and a computer test involving a hazard perception section and perhaps multiple multiple-choice questions. The first license is a limited license known as a experimental license or provisional license , which typically lasts up to three years. This driver should display a special plate (designs are statewide but may be P on a red background, or red or green on a white background). This has given them the name P Platers . Some restrictions placed on this driver include (depending on country):
- Reduce the blood alcohol limit compared to unlimited drivers (Accepted BAC varies by state).
- Automatic transmission only if the license test is done in an automated vehicle.
- Car power/performance limits (only certain states).
- Fewer demerit points have to be paid before the license is suspended.
- Speed ​​limits (state only).
Some states have a two-stage experimental licensing system, in which the first year of license has additional restrictions (and often different colored plates) until subsequent years.
Special licenses exist for:
- The car (which usually allows people to drive up to 12 seats, and up to 4.5 tons of GVM)
- Light Rig truck and bus
- Medium Rigid Trucks and buses
- Heavy Rigid Truck
- Combination Truck Weight
- Multi-combination truck (B-double and carriage)
- Motorcycles
License heavy vehicle classes require drivers to have experience in the lighter license class. In some states, car licenses are acceptable for motorcycles with limited engine capacity.
Vehicles
Car
Three manufacturers are currently building cars in Australia, but these are all scheduled to stop local production by 2017. They are all subsidiaries of foreign companies, but produce models designed specifically for the Australian market. They:
- Ford: Falcon and Territories
- Holden: Commodore, Statesman/Caprice, Cruze
- Toyota: Camry and Aurion
Except for Holden Cruze, these are all relatively large cars developed specifically for Australians. Small cars sold in Australia are all imported, as well as four-wheel drive.
Mileage by car in Australia is among the highest in the world, behind the United States and Canada. In 2003, the average travel distance per person by car was 12,730 km.
Truck
Most longshore transport is carried out on medium-B trailers. These trucks usually have a total of 9 axles and two articulation points. Normal semi trailers usually have a tri-axle trailer pulled by twin-drive prime movers. In remote areas in the north and west, trains three and four caravans are used for public transport, fuel, livestock, and minerals. Two-caravan trains are allowed closer to densely populated areas, especially for grains and public transport.
Beginning in July 2007, the federal and state governments approved approved B-triple trucks operating only on specified road networks. A B-Triple is said to carry a load of five semi-trailers. B-Triples are arranged differently from conventional streetcar. The front of their first trailer is supported by a turntable on the prime mover. The second and third trailers are supported by a turntable on the trailer in front of them. As a result, B-Triples are much more stable than road carts and handle very well.
The largest road transport companies are Toll Holdings and Linfox, but there are many others, including owner-drivers only with their own trucks.
Tram
Trams were used in most Australian cities until the early 1960s. Melbourne's tram system is the largest in the world and remains an integral part of city commuters. Their cars intersect with others and many commuters have access to this transport. The light rail and rail system was reintroduced to several cities, such as the Sydney network. The only remaining tram route in Adelaide is Glenelg Tram, which extended through the CBD in 2007 and again in 2009. The thirteen kilometer light rail system is currently under construction on the Gold Coast.
Motorcycles
Motorcycles account for about 3% of vehicles in Australia.
Bicycle
- Main categories: Cycling in Australia
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries - bikes are widely used in Australia's interior and countryside as an economical means of transportation. In urban bikes finds widespread use where workers live in a place close to their workplaces - this can be seen at the level of bike racks at the Midland Railway Workshop for example.
More than a third of the population rides bikes at least once a year and more than half of all households have at least one working bike. They are used for recreation, sports and commuting. Most cities have developed a strategy for bicycle use, while others, such as Canberra and Perth, have promoted the use of bicycles and built an extensive bicycle network that cyclists can travel in the city. Recreational use of bicycles has been supported by local and state governments that produce publications and websites that encourage the use of recreation and more recent use. A large number of tourists and enthusiasts use off-road and off-road routes that have been flagged or signed for bicycle tours. A good example is the Mawson Trail in South Australia and the Munda Biddi trail in Western Australia.
Security
Road transport safety in Australia is a moderate to high standard. Road quality, safety barriers and other safety features are moderate levels in urban areas and high standards in new roads; But in areas and on some major highways, road quality can be severely affected by lack of funds for maintenance. Speed ​​is limited to about 100 km/h on most highways.
Vehicle is quite safe. Many vehicle users are unable to afford new vehicles and consequently, the used car market is large enough. There are many older vehicle models and while they need a Road Worthy Certificate (RWC) to ensure a good basic operation, only newer vehicles have safety features such as the crumple zone, air bags, etc. The use of seat belts is very high and it is illegal not to wear seatbelts.
Several attempts have been made to educate the mass population on road safety, the most prominent and successful is the road safety advertisement of the Victoria Accident Commission (TAC), which began in the late 1980s in print and television, often portrayed as horrific and road accidents graphics that are triggered by various causes such as speed, alcohol and drug use, tampering, fatigue and many others. TAC ads are very effective and reduce road tolls drastically. This method is then adopted elsewhere in Australia and around the world.
Speed ​​limits have been progressively reduced in urban roads, from 60 km/h to 50 km/h and more recently, to 40 km/h near schools, in built areas and shopping lines. This is to ensure a safer stopping distance to minimize/reduce injuries and pedestrian casualties.
Naming path
Each country has an independent system for naming roads. The roads in New South Wales are named in section 162 of The Roads Act 1993. US Australian Standards 1742.5 - 1986 and AS 4212 - 1994 provide a list of road endings (such as Alley, Circle, Mall), Road) which are routinely accepted by the Geographic Name Board.
Authorities
Commonwealth governments Australia has a number of legal authorities related to roads including: -
- Australian Transport Council
- National Transport Commission
The state government has been coordinated through: -
- Australian National Road Authority's National Association.
In Victoria, the state road authority is the Roads Corporation better known as VicRoads and in New South Wales known as Roads and Maritime Services (RMS).
See also
- Street transport in Victoria
References
Further reading
- Document, Australian Transport Council
- Fitzpatrick, Jim (1980). Bicycles and bushes: humans and machines in rural Australia . Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBNÃ, 0-19-554231-2
- Hemmings, Leigh (1991). Bicycle cycling in Australia . East Roseville, N.S.W.: Simon & amp; Schuster. ISBNÃ, 0-7318-0197-0
- Australian National Road Authority's National Association (1987) Bush path to highway: 200 years of Australian road Sydney. ISBNÃ, 0-85588-207-7
- Veith, Gary (1999). Guidelines for traffic engineering practices. Section 14, Bicycle . Austroads. ISBNÃ, 0-85588-438-X
External links
- Map by road in Australia
- Vehicle Regulations
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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