Reconstruction of motor vehicle accidents is a scientific process for investigating, analyzing, and drawing conclusions about causes and events during a vehicle crash. Reconstruction is used to perform deep collision analysis and reconstruction to identify causes of collisions and factors contributing to various types of collisions, including driver role (s), vehicle (s), highway and environment. The laws of physics and engineering principles such as the conservation of linear momentum, energy-work methods, and kinematics are the basis for this analysis and can use software to quantify useful quantities. The reconstruction of accidents provides a rigorous analysis that expert witnesses may be present at the hearing. Reconstruction of accidents is done in cases involving casualties, and often when personal injuries are involved. The results of accidental reconstruction are also useful in developing recommendations to make roads and roadways safer, and improve the safety aspects of motor vehicle design. This reconstruction is often done by forensic engineers, special units in law enforcement agencies, or private consultants.
Video Traffic collision reconstruction
History
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration funded the first national guidelines for standardization training in the field of traffic accident reconstruction in 1985. This led to the establishment of the Accreditation Commission for the Reconstruction of Traffic Accidents (ACTAR), an industry accreditation group. This field of motorcycle accident research was spearheaded by Hugh H. Hurt Jr. The meticulous reconstruction of his motorcycle crash accident helped explain that the right helmet reduces the head injury, most motorcyclists need more driver training to control the skid, and most motorcycle accidents are involved. car turn left turn in front of the motorcycle to come.
Maps Traffic collision reconstruction
Investigation
The scene of inspection and data recovery involves visiting the accident scene and investigating all the vehicles involved in the collision. Investigations involve the collection of evidence such as landscape photos, crash video, scene measurement, eyewitness testimony, and legal deposition. Additional factors include steering angle, braking, lamp usage, turn signal, speed, acceleration, engine rpm, cruise control, and anti-lock brakes. Witnesses were interviewed during the reconstruction of the accident, and physical evidence such as tire marks was examined. The length of skid marks can often allow the calculation of the vehicle's original speed for example. The speed of the vehicle is often underestimated by the driver, so independent speed estimates are often important in accidents. Examination of the road surface is also important, especially when the grip is lost due to black ice, diesel fuel contamination, or obstacles such as road debris. Data from event data recorders also provides valuable information such as vehicle speed a few seconds before a collision.
As part of a vehicle accident investigation, an investigator usually documents evidence at the scene of the accident and damage to the vehicle. The use of 3-dimensional laser scanning has become a common method for documentation. The scanning product is a 3D cloud point that can be used to perform measurements and create computer models used in accident analysis. 3D data can be incorporated into many computer simulation programs used in the reconstruction of accidents. Clouds and 3D point models can also be used to create visuals to illustrate the analysis and to show the views of the witnesses and the drivers involved.
Technology
Many new vehicles are equipped with onboard "Crash Data Recorders or Event Data Records" (CDR or EDR). The Bosch CDR tool is a commercially available tool, making it possible to create image crash data directly from all supported vehicles providing detailed reports on important data parameters leading to and during crashes. Some parameters include pre-crash data, vehicle speed, brake status, throttle position, ignition cycle, delta-V, seat belt status, and others.
Hyundai and Kia as well as the heaviest commercial vehicles equipped with EDR, but not supported by Bosch equipment. To access this information, a unique diagnostic pickup tool is required for this manufacturer.
Analysis
Reconstruction analysis of vehicle accidents includes processing of data collection, hypothesis evaluation possibilities, modeling, accident creation, testing, and utilizing software simulations. Like many other technical activities, the reconstruction of accidents has been overhauled by the use of powerful, inexpensive computers and specialized software. Different types of accident reconstruction software are used to recreate accidents and crime events and to perform other useful tasks involved in reconstructing collisions. The accident reconstruction software is regularly used by law enforcement personnel and consultants to analyze collisions and to show what is happening in an accident. Examples of the types of software used by accident reconstruction experts are CAD (computer aided design) programs, vehicle specification databases, energy and momentum analysis programs, collision simulators, and photogrammetry software.
Presentations
After the analysis is complete, forensic engineers collect the findings of reports, diagrams, and animations to form their expert testimony and conclusions related to the accident. Forensic animations typically describe all or some of the crash sequences in video format so that non-technical parties, such as jurors, can easily understand the expert's opinion of the event. In order to be physically realistic, animation needs to be made by someone who has knowledge of physics, dynamics, and engineering. When animation is used in courtroom settings, they must be carefully examined. The animation software can be easily misused, because movement that is physically impossible can be displayed. Reliable animation should be based on physical evidence and calculations that embody the laws of physics, and animation should only be used to visually demonstrate the underlying calculations made by the expert analyzing the case.
Reconstruction of Motorcycle Accident
The reconstruction of motorcycle accidents is similar to other accident reconstruction techniques and relies on the same basic principles of energy conservation and momentum as reconstruction of car accidents plus adding motorcycle dynamics specifications and rider controls. Proper reconstruction of motorcycle accidents requires detailed knowledge of motorcycle dynamics plus knowledge of how motorcycles react to rider input.
Reconstruction of motorcycle accidents follows reversing chronological sequences of events, working from motorcycle break points and/or riders backwards to the point of time prior to the start of the crash sequence when actions that might be able to prevent accidents.
Reconstruction of motorycle accidents depends on the knowledge of the 5 phases of motorcycle accidents.
Perceptions: This is the phase in which the rider feels the danger in front of him and breaks the response. Perception/reaction time is estimated to be 1.1 to 1.5 seconds.
Avoidance - Braking/Steering: In the next phase, the driver usually does some sort of steering or braking avoidance using the front brake, rear brake, or combination. Physical evidence at the scene combined with statements from witnesses may provide clues about what kind of avoidance occurs.
Slide Pre-effects: During braking, motorists can overuse motorcycle brakes, thus locking the front and/or rear wheels. If the front wheel is locked, the rider will almost certainly lose control and crash. If the rider loses control and falls while braking, motorcycles and riders are usually separated and glided in the same trajectory that they removed before the crash.
Impact: Bicycles and/or motorists may collide with other objects such as vehicles or guardrails. Damage caused by collisions can be evaluated and combined with the sliding distance to help determine the speed of the motorcycle during the crash sequence.
Post-impact Motion: After impact, additional movement to the end break point may occur. Motorists often break away from motorcycles and travel independently to the endpoint of the break. The post-impact travel distance analysis can also determine the speed associated with the accident.
Training Facilities
(North America)
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police conducts On-Scene Collision Investigations (Level-2), Advanced Collision Analysis (Level-3), and Forensic Collision Reconstruction (Level-4) as well as Commercial Vehicle and Pedestrian/Tricycle Collisions at Pacific Regional Training Center (PRTC ) located in Chilliwack, British Columbia. These courses are also available to the Non-RCMP Police Institution.
The Northwestern University Center for Public Safety conducts Traffic Damage Investigation courses utilized by law enforcement and public institutions.
The Institute of Police Technology and Management (IPTM) is a recognized institution for the Investigation of Accidents for Law Enforcement as well as professional institutions.
Law Enforcement/Police Agents
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police utilizes the full-time Forensic Reconstruction and Analyst Collision as a service line. In British Columbia, they are referred to as ICARS (Integrated Collision Analysis and Reconstruction Service). The ICARS unit is located in every RCMP District within Province B.C.
California Highway Patrol utilizes a team deployment called MAIT (Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Team). Each team consists of inspectors with specialized training in traffic collision reconstruction, traffic engineering, automotive engineering, and vehicle dynamics. The MAIT consists of one sergeant CHP (team leader), two or more CHP officers, one Mobil Carrier I (MCS I), and one Senior Transport Engineer from Caltrans.
See also
- The Fatal Accident Reconstruction Team
- Forensic animation
- Forensic engineering
- The human factor
- Skid marks
- Total stopping distance
References
External links
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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