Howard Robard Hughes Jr. (December 24, 1905 - April 5, 1976) was an American business monarch, investor, record-setting pilot, film director and philanthropist, known throughout his lifetime as one of the most financially successful individuals in the world. He first made a name for himself as a film producer, and later became an influential figure in the aviation industry. Later, he became famous for his eccentric behavior and his closed lifestyle - an oddity caused in part by obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), chronic pain from multiple plane crashes, and increased deafness.
As a maverick film tycoon, Hughes became famous in Hollywood in the late 1920s, when he produced big-budget and often controversial movies like The Racket (1928), Hell's Angels > (1930), and Scarface (1932). Then he controls the RKO film studio.
Hughes formed the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1932, employing many engineers and designers. He spent the rest of the 1930s and much of the 1940s setting some of the world's airspeed records and building Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 Hercules ( Spruce Goose ). He acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines and later acquired Air West, changing its name to Hughes Airwest. Hughes is on the Flying Magazine list of 51 Flight Heroes, ranked No. 1. 25. Today, her legacy is maintained through the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Howard Hughes Corporation.
Video Howard Hughes
Initial years
The birthplace of Howard Hughes is listed as Humble or Houston, Texas. The date remains uncertain because of the conflicting dates from various sources. He repeatedly claims that his birthday is on Christmas Eve. A 1941 birth certificate from Hughes signed by her aunt Annette Gano Lummis and Estelle Boughton Sharp stated that she was born on December 24, 1905, in Harris County, Texas. However, his baptismal certificate was recorded on October 7, 1906, in the parish list of St. Episcopal Church. John in Keokuk, Iowa, records his birth as 24 September 1905 without reference to the place of birth.
Hughes is the son of Allene Stone Gano and Howard R. Hughes Sr., successful inventor and entrepreneur from Missouri. He is an Englishman, Welsh and several descendants of Huguenot, of French descent, and of John Gano, a minister who supposedly baptizes George Washington. His father has patented a two-cone roller, which allows rotary drilling for petroleum in previously inaccessible places. Hughes senior made an ingenious and seductive decision to commercialize this invention by leasing a little more than selling it, earning some initial patents, and setting up Hughes Tool Company in 1909. Uncle Hughes is a novelist, screenwriter, and renowned film director Rupert Hughes.
At a young age, Hughes showed an interest in science and technology. In particular, he has a great engineering talent and built the first "wireless" radio transmitter in Houston at the age of 11. He later became one of the first licensed radio ham radio operators in Houston, which has a call calls W5CY (initially 5CY). At 12, Hughes was photographed in a local newspaper, identified as the first boy in Houston to have a "motorized" bike, which he woke up from parts of his father's steam engine. He was an indifferent student, with a desire for mathematics, flying, and mechanics. He took his first flying lesson at 14, and attended Fessenden School in Massachusetts in 1921.
He then took a course in mathematics and aeronautics engineering at Caltech. The redbrick house where Hughes lived as a teenager at 3921 Yoakum St., Houston today serves as the headquarters of the Department of Theology of St. University. Thomas.
His mother Allene died in March 1922 due to complications of ectopic pregnancy. Howard Hughes Sr. died of a heart attack in 1924. Their deaths seemed to inspire Hughes to include the manufacture of a medical research laboratory with a will that he signed in 1925 at the age of 19. Will Howard Sr. has not been updated since Allene's death, and Hughes inherits 75% of the family fortune. On his 19th birthday, Hughes was declared an emanpation, allowing him to take complete control over his life.
From a young age, Hughes is a very good and enthusiastic golfer. He often scored numbers close to numbers, played a game for three defects during his twenties, and for the time devoted to a professional golf career. He often plays with top players, including Gene Sarazen. Hughes rarely played competitively and gradually gave up his passion for the sport to pursue other interests.
Hughes resigned from Rice University shortly after his father's death. On June 1, 1925, he married Ella Botts Rice, daughter of David Rice and Martha Lawson Botts of Houston. They moved to Los Angeles, where he hopes to make a name for himself as a filmmaker.
Maps Howard Hughes
Business career
Hughes enjoys a very successful business career outside of engineering, aviation, and filmmaking, although many of his career endeavors involve a variety of entrepreneurial roles. Summa Corporation was the name adopted for Howard Hughes's business interests after he sold the Hughes Tool Company tool division in 1972. The company serves as a holding company for Hughes's business and investment ventures. It is primarily engaged in the aerospace and defense industries, electronics, mass media, manufacturing, and hospitality, but has maintained a strong presence in various industries including real estate, petroleum drilling and oilfield services, consulting, entertainment, and engineering. Most of his wealth is then used for philanthropic purposes, especially for health care and medical research.
Entertainment
Hughes enters the entertainment industry after leaving Rice University and moving to Los Angeles. His first two movies, Everybody's Acting (1927) and Two Arabian Knights (1928), were financial successes, the latter winning the first Academy Award for Best Director of a comedy.. The Racket (1928) and The Front Page (1931) were also nominated for the Academy Awards.
Hughes spent $ 3.8 million to make a flying movie Hell's Angels (1930). That earns nearly $ 8 million, about twice the cost of production and advertising. Hell's Angels received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography. He produced another hit, Scarface (1932), a production that was delayed by the censorship worries over his violence.
The Outlaw (1943) was completed in 1941 and featured Jane Russell. It also gained great attention from industrial sensors, this time because of Russell's exposing costume. Hughes designed a special bra for the female leader, though Russell said it was uncomfortable and decided not to wear it.
RKO
During the 1940s until the late 1950s, Hughes Tool Company entered the film industry while acquiring partial ownership of RKO companies including RKO Pictures, RKO Studios, a cinema network known as RKO Theaters and a network of radio stations known as RKO Radio Network.
In 1948, Hughes ruled RKO, struggling major Hollywood studio, by acquiring a 25% stake in Floyd Odlum's Atlas Corporation. Within weeks of the acquisition of the studio, Hughes fired three quarters of the workforce and production was closed for six months during which time an investigation was conducted on every employee who remained with RKO as far as their political tendency was concerned. Only after making sure that the stars under contract for RKO have no suspect affiliation will Hughes approve the finished image to be sent back for re-filming. This is especially true for women who were under contract for RKO at the time. If Hughes feels that his stars do not represent his political views at will or if the film's anti-communist politics is not clear enough, he pulls the spark plugs. In 1952, unsuccessful sales to a Chicago-based group connected to a mafia without experience in the industry also disrupted studio operations in RKO even further.
In 1953, Hughes was involved with a high profile lawsuit as part of the settlement of the US Anti-Virus Case v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. . As a result of the trial, the unsteady RKO status becomes increasingly clear. The flow of lawsuits from minority shareholders of RKO has become very irritating to Hughes. They accused him of financial mismanagement and corporate mismanagement. Because Hughes wanted to focus primarily on aircraft manufacturing and TWA ownership during the Korean War years, Hughes offered to buy all the other shareholders to get rid of their distractions.
By the end of 1954, Hughes had gained almost total RKO control at a cost of nearly $ 24 million, becoming the closest thing to the only Hollywood studio owner seen in three decades. Six months later, Hughes sold the studio to General Tire and Rubber Company for $ 25 million. Hughes retained the rights to the images he personally produced, including those made at RKO. He also retains Jane Russell's contract. For Howard Hughes, this is the virtual end of his 25-year engagement in the film industry. However, his reputation as a financial expert emerged unscathed. During that time period, RKO was known as a classic noir film production house thanks to a portion of the limited budget needed to make such a film during Hughes's tenure. Hughes reportedly left from RKO after earning $ 6.5 million in personal gain.
General Tire is particularly interested in exploiting the value of RKO's library for television programs even though it seeks to continue producing the film. After a successful one-and-a-half year, General Tire stopped the full production of the film at RKO in late January 1957. Many studios in Hollywood and Culver City were sold to Desilu Productions later that year for $ 6.15 million.
Real estate
Beyond expanding his business excellence in the manufacturing, aviation, entertainment and hospitality industries, Hughes is a successful real estate investor. Hughes is heavily involved in the American real estate industry where he collects ownership of undeveloped landscapes both in Las Vegas and in the desert that surrounds unused cities during his lifetime. In 1968, Toolkit Hughes purchased the North Las Vegas Air Terminal.
Originally known as Summa Corporation, The Howard Hughes Corporation was formed in 1972 when the petroleum equipment business of the Hughes Tool Company, then owned by Howard Hughes Jr., was floated on the New York Stock Exchange under the name Hughes Tool. This forces the remaining business from the "original" Hughes Tool to adopt the new company name Summa. The name "Summa" - Latin for "supreme" - was adopted without Hughes's own consent, who preferred to keep his name in business, and suggested HRH Properties (for Hughes Resorts and Hotels, as well as his own initials). In 1988, Summa announced plans for Summerlin, a community designed specifically for the grandmother of Howard Hughes' father, Jean Amelia Summerlin.
Originally staying at the Desert Inn, Hughes refused to vacate his room, and instead decided to buy the entire hotel. Hughes expanded his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate, hotels, and media outlets, spent about $ 300 million, and used his immense power to take over many famous hotels, especially organized crime venues. He quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas. He was instrumental in transforming Las Vegas's image from the roots of the Wild West into a more refined cosmopolitan city.
Flights and aerospace
Other parts of Hughes' business interests lie in aviation, aviation, and aerospace and defense industries. Hughes is a lifelong fan and pilot. He survived four airplane accidents: one while filming Hell's Angels, one time setting the air speed record at Hughes Racer, one at Lake Mead in 1943, and a near fatal accident from Hughes XF-11 in 1946. At Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer pioneers, including Moye Stephens. He set many world records and commissioned the construction of a special aircraft for himself when heading for Hughes Aircraft at the airport in Glendale, CA. Operating from there, the most important plane he assigned was Hughes H-1 Racer. On September 13, 1935, Hughes, flying H-1, set a speed record of 352 mph (566 km/h) during his test near Santa Ana, California (Giuseppe Motta reached 362 mph in 1929 and George Stainforth reached 407, 5 Ã, mph in 1931, both in seaplane). This is the last time in history that the world's air speed record is set in an aircraft built by private individuals. A year and a half later, on January 19, 1937, flying the same H-1 Racer with longer wings, Hughes set a new cross-continental air speed record by flying nonstop from Los Angeles to Newark in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds ( beating his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes). The average flight speed during flight is 322 mph (518 km/h).
The H-1 racer features a number of design innovations: it has a retractable landing gear (like that of Boeing Monomail five years earlier) and all rivets and connections are plugged into the fuselage to reduce drag. The H-1 racer is thought to have influenced the design of a number of World War II fighters such as Mitsubishi A6M Zero, Focke-Wulf Fw 190, and F8F Bearcat, though it has never been confirmed for certain. The H-1 racer was donated to the Smithsonian in 1975 and displayed at the National Air and Space Museum.
The world tour
On July 14, 1938, Hughes set another record by completing a worldwide flight in just 91 hours (3 days, 19 hours, 17 minutes), beating the previous record in 1933 by Wiley Post on a single machine Lockheed Vega by nearly four days. Hughes returned home in front of his flight photos. Departing from New York City, Hughes went on to Paris, Moscow, Omsk, Yakutsk, Fairbanks, Minneapolis, then back to New York City. For this flight he flew Lockheed 14 Super Electra (NX18973, dual-engined transport with a crew of four people) equipped with the latest radio and navigation equipment. Hughes wanted the aviation to be a victory of American aviation technology, illustrating that safe long distance air travel is possible. Albert Lodwick of Mystic, Iowa provides organizational skills as a flight operations manager. Although previously relatively unknown despite his wealth, better known for dating Katharine Hepburn, New York City now gives Hughes a parade of tape-pointers at the Canyon of Heroes. In 1938, William P. Hobby Airport in Houston, Texas - known at the time as the Houston Municipal Airport - was renamed after Hughes, but the name was changed back after people objected to naming the airport after the living. Hughes also has a role in the design and financing of both Boeing 307 Stratoliner and Lockheed L-049 Constellation.
He received numerous honors as a pilot, including the Harmon Trophy in 1936 and 1938, the Collier Trophy and the Bibesco World Cup Cup AÃÆ' Â © ronautique Internationale in 1938, the Chanute Octave Award in 1940, and a Gold Congressional Special Medal in 1939 "as recognition of Howard Hughes' achievements in advancing aviation and thereby bringing great credit to his country worldwide ". According to news of his death in the New York Times, Hughes never bothered to come to Washington to retrieve the Congressional Gold Medal, which was finally delivered to him.
Hughes D-2 and XF-11
The Hughes D-2 was conceived in 1939 as a bomber with five crew members, powered by a 42-cylinder Wright R-2160 Tornado engine. It eventually emerged as a two-seater spy plane designated D-2A, powered by two Pratt & amp; Whitney Machine R-2800-49. The aircraft was built using Duramold process. The prototype was taken to Harper's Dry Lake California in great secrecy in 1943 and first flew on June 20 of that year. Acting on the recommendation of the president's son, Colonel Elliott Roosevelt, who befriended Hughes, in September 1943, USAAF ordered 100 D-2 reconnaissance developments, known as the F-11. Hughes then attempted to get the military to pay for D-2 development. In November 1944, a hangar containing D-2A was reportedly hit by lightning and the plane was destroyed. The D-2 design was abandoned, but led to the highly controversial Hughes XF-11. XF-11 is a large two-metal reconnaissance aircraft, two seats, powered by two Pratt & amp; Whitney R-4360-31 engine, each driving a set of counter-rotary propellers. Only two prototypes finished; the second with a single propeller per side.
Sikorsky S-43 fatal accident
In the spring of 1943, Hughes spent nearly a month in Las Vegas testing his Sikorsky S-43 seaplane, practicing touch landing and landing on Lake Mead in preparation for flying Hercules H-4. Weather conditions on the lake during the day are ideal and he enjoys Las Vegas at night. On May 17, 1943, Hughes flew Sikorsky from California carrying two CAA flight inspectors, two of his employees, and actress Ava Gardner. Hughes dropped Gardner in Las Vegas and went on to Lake Mead to conduct a qualifying test on S-43. Trial flights are not working properly. Sikorsky crashed into Lake Mead, killing CAA inspectors, Ceco Cline, and Hughes' employee, Richard Felt. Hughes suffered a severe injury at the top of his head when he hit the top control panel and had to be rescued by one of the others on board. Hughes paid a $ 100,000 diver to raise the plane and then spent over $ 500,000 to recover it.
A near-fatal collision of XF-11
Hughes was involved in a nearly fatal plane crash on July 7, 1946, while flying the first prototype of a US Air Force reconnaissance aircraft, XF-11, near Hughes airfield in Culver City, California. The oil leak causes one of the contra-rotating propellers to reverse the pitch, causing the plane to sharply yaw and lose its altitude quickly. Hughes tried to save the plane by landing on the Los Angeles Country Club golf course, but just seconds before reaching the pitch, the XF-11 began to drop drastically and fell in the Beverly Hills neighborhood around the country club.
When the XF-11 finally stalled after destroying three houses, the fuel tank exploded, setting fire to aircraft and nearby homes at 808 North Whittier Drive, owned by Lieutenant Colonel Charles E. Meyer. Hughes manages to pull himself out of the burning ruins but lies beside the plane until he is rescued by Marine Master Sgt. William L. Durkin, who happened to be in the area visiting friends. Hughes suffered significant injuries in the accident, including a crushed neck, some cracked ribs, a chest that was destroyed with a collapsed left lung, shifting his heart to the right side of the chest cavity, and many third-degree burns. A frequently told story says that Hughes sent a check to the weekly Marine for the rest of his life as a token of gratitude. However, the daughter of Durkin denied that she received money from her rescue on Hughes.
Despite his physical injury, Hughes is proud that his mind is still working. As she lay in the hospital bed, she decided that she did not like the design of the bed. He called the plant engineer to design a customized bed, fitted with hot and cold water, built in six parts, and operated by 30 electric motors, with push-button adjustments. Hospital beds are designed by Hughes specifically to reduce the pain caused by moving with severe burns. Although he never used the bed he designed, Hughes's bed functioned as a prototype for a modern hospital bed. Doctor Hughes thought his recovery was almost miraculous. Hughes, however, believes that neither the magic nor the modern medicine contributes to its healing, but instead affirms the nourishing nature of the freshly squeezed orange juice.
Many attributes of long-term dependence on opiates to the use of codeine as a painkiller during its recovery. The trademark whisker he wore afterwards was used to hide the scar on his upper lip due to the accident.
H-4 Hercules
The War Production Council (not military) initially contracted with Henry Kaiser and Hughes to produce a giant flying boat HK-1 Hercules for use during World War II to transport troops and equipment across the Atlantic as an alternative to sailing ship carriers at sea that are vulnerable to U- boat Germany. The project was opposed by military service, thinking it would siphon resources from a higher priority program, but supported by Hughes strong allies in Washington, DC After the dispute, Kaiser withdrew from the project and Hughes was elected to continue as H-4 Hercules. However, the plane was not completed until after the end of World War II.
The Hercules is the largest aircraft in the world, the largest aircraft made of wood, and, at 319 feet 11 inches (97.51 m), has the longest wing width of any aircraft (the next largest wing width is about 310 ft (94 m) ). (The Hercules is no longer the longest or heaviest aircraft ever built, both titles currently held by Antonov An-225 Mriya .)
The Hercules flew only once for a mile (1.6 km), and 70 feet (21 m) above the water, with Hughes in control, on 2 November 1947.
Hercules was nicknamed Spruce Goose by his critics, but was actually made of birch instead of spruce, rather than aluminum, because the contract required Hughes to build a "non-strategic" plane. "Built at Hughes' Westchester, California, In 1947, Howard Hughes was summoned to testify before the Senate Senate Investigative Committee to explain why the development of the H-4 has been so problematic, and why $ 22 million only produced two F-11 prototypes.General Elliott Roosevelt and a number of other USAAF officers were also summoned to testify in disputed sessions of the country during August and November 1947. In disputed testimony of TWA's route decision and irregularities in the defense acquisition process, Hughes changed the tables to his main interlocutor, Senator Maine, Owen Brewster, and the audience was widely interpreted as Hughes's victory.After being shown at the port of Long Beach, California, Herc ules moved to McMinnville, Oregon, where it is now part of Evergreen Aviation & amp; Space Museum.
On November 4, 2017, the 70th anniversary of the only H-4 Hercules flight was celebrated at Evergreen Aviation & amp; Space Museum with Hughes's father's cousins ​​Michael Wesley Summerlin and Brian Palmer Evans, son of pioneer of Hughes radio technology Dave Evans, took their place in the recreation of a photo previously taken by Hughes, Dave Evans and Joe Petrali on board H-4 Hercules.
Hughes Aircraft
Hughes Aircraft Company, a division of the Hughes Tool Company, was founded by Hughes in 1932, in a rented corner of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation hangar in Burbank, California, to build an H-1 racer. During and after World War II, Hughes formed his company into a major defense contractor. Hughes's Helicopter Division began in 1947 when the Kellett helicopter factory sold their latest designs to Hughes for production. The company is America's premier defense and aerospace contractor that produces various technology-related products including space vehicles, military aircraft, radar systems, electro-optical systems, first working lasers, aircraft computer systems, missile systems, ion-drive machines space travel), commercial satellites, and other electronic systems.
In 1948, Hughes created a new division of the company: Hughes Aerospace Group. Hughes Space and Communications Group and Hughes Space Systems Division were separated in 1948 to form their own division and eventually became Hughes Space and Communications Company in 1961. In 1953, Howard Hughes gave all of his shares in Hughes Aircraft Company to Howard Hughes Medical Institute which is newly established, thereby transforming aerospace and defense contractors into tax-exempt charities. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for $ 5.2 billion. In 1997, General Motors sold Hughes Aircraft to Raytheon and in 2000, selling Hughes Space & Communication to Boeing. The combination of Boeing, GM, and Raytheon acquired Hughes Research Laboratories, where it focuses on advanced developments in microelectronics, information & amp; system science, materials, sensors, and photonics; their workspace from basic research to product delivery. It has greatly emphasized capabilities in high performance integrated circuits, high power lasers, antennas, networks, and smart materials.
Airlines
In 1939, at the urging of Jack Frye, president of Trans World Airlines (TWA), Hughes began secretly buying TWA shares of a majority stake, and took control of the airline in 1944. Although he never had an official position with TWA, Hughes chose own board of directors, and often issue direct orders to airline staff.
Hughes is generally credited as the driving force behind the Lockheed Constellation, which Hughes and Frye ordered in 1939 as a long-distance replacement for the Boeing 307 Stratoliners TWA fleet, Hughes personally financed the acquisition of TWA against 40 Constellations for $ 18 million, the largest plane booked in history until then. The constellation was one of the highest performing commercial aircraft in the late 1940s and 1950s, and allowed TWA to pioneer nonstop continental services. During World War II, Hughes used political connections in Washington to get TWA rights to serve Europe, making it the only US airline with a combination of domestic and transatlantic routes.
After Boeing 707 was announced, Hughes chose to pursue a more unique jet aircraft for the TWA and approached Convair in late 1954. Convair proposed two concepts to Hughes, but Hughes could not decide which concept to adopt, and Convair eventually abandoned his initial jet. project after the 707 and Douglas DC-8 mockets were unveiled. Even after competitors such as United Airlines, American Airlines and Pan American World Airways have placed large orders for 707, Hughes only placed eight orders for the 707 through the Hughes Tool Company and prohibited TWA from using the aircraft. After finally beginning to order 707 orders in 1956, Hughes embarked on a plan to build his own "superior" jet aircraft for TWA, applying for CAB permission to sell Hughes aircraft to TWA, and start negotiations with the state of Florida to build manufacturing. plant it there. However, he abandoned this plan around 1958, and in the meantime, negotiated a new contract for aircraft and engine 707 and Convair 880 for a total of $ 400 million.
TWA's jet order financing settles the end of Hughes's relationship with Noah Dietrich, and finally Hughes gets out of TWA's control. Hughes does not have enough cash on hand or future cash flows to pay for orders, and does not immediately seek bank financing. Hughes's refusal to heed Dietrich's financial advice caused a major rift between the two at the end of 1956. Hughes believes that Dietrich wants Hughes to commit as mentally incompetent, though this evidence can not be inferred. Dietrich resigned by telephone in May 1957 after repeated requests for stock options, which Hughes rejected, and without further progress in jet financing. When Hughes's mental condition deteriorated, he ordered various tactics to delay payments to Boeing and Convair; his behavior made TWA banks insist that he should be excluded from management as a condition for further financing.
In 1960, Hughes was eventually forced out of TWA's management, though he continued to own 78% of the company. In 1961, TWA filed a lawsuit against Toolkit Hughes, claiming that the latter had violated antitrust laws by using TWA as a captive market for aircraft trading. The claim is largely dependent on obtaining testimony from Hughes himself. Hughes hid and refused to testify. The default decision was issued against the Hughes Tool Company for $ 135 million in 1963, but was annulled by the United States Supreme Court in 1973, on the grounds that Hughes was immune from prosecution. In 1966, a US federal court forced Hughes to sell his TWA stake due to concerns of a conflict of interest between his ownership of TWA and Hughes Aircraft. The sale of its TWA shares gave him a profit of $ 547 million.
Hughes gained control of Boston-based Northeast Airlines in 1962. However, the favorable airline route authority between major cities in the northeast and Miami was terminated by the CAB decision around the time of the acquisition, and Hughes sold the company's control to the trustee in the year 1964. Northeast went on to join Delta Air Lines in 1972.
In 1970, Hughes acquired Air West based in San Francisco and named it Hughes Airwest. Air West was formed in 1968 by the merger of Bonanza Air Lines, Pacific Air Lines and West Coast Airlines, all of which are operated in the western US. In the late 1970s, Hughes Airwest operates a Boeing 727-200 all-jet jet fleet, Douglas DC-9-10, and McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jetliners serving a wide route network in the western US with flights to Mexico and western Canada too. In 1980, the airline's route system reached as far east as Houston (Hobby Airport) and Milwaukee with a total of 42 destinations served. Hughes Airwest was later acquired by and merged into Republic Airlines (1979-1986) in late 1980. The Republic was later acquired by and merged into Northwest Airlines which in turn eventually merged into Delta Air Lines in 2008.
The Conqueror and purchase
Hughes has made many business partnerships through industrialists and producers, David Charnay. Their friendship and many partnerships began with the movie The Conqueror, first released to the public in 1956. The film caused much controversy because of the radioactive location of the film in St. Petersburg. George, Utah that eventually led Hughes to buy almost every copy of the movie he could, just to watch the movie at home repeatedly for several nights in a row. Charnay then bought a movie and a four-star television production company that produced The Conqueror. Hughes and Charnay who publish the most deals are leveraged with LBO purchases. Charnay leads the LBO buying group involving Howard Hughes and their partners to acquire Air West. Hughes, Charnay, and three others were indicted. The complexity of LBO is the first of its kind. The indictment, drawn up by US Attorney DeVoe Heaton, accused the group of conspiring to lower Air West's stock price to pressure the company's directors to sell to Hughes. The charges were dismissed after a judge ruled that the indictment had failed to accuse illegal acts on Hughes's side, Charnay, and all those charged in the indictment. Thompson, a federal judge who made the decision to reject the allegations, called the indictment one of the worst claims he has ever seen. The charge was filed again, a second time, by Assistant Assistant Attorney DeVoe Heaton, Dean Vernon. The Federal Judge ruled on 13 November 1974 and explained to say that the case shows "the abuse of great power," but according to his legal opinion, "no crime is committed." After Air West's deal was settled with the SEC by paying former shareholders for alleged losses from the sale of their investment in Air West shares. As mentioned above, Air West was later renamed Hughes Airwest. During the long pause between years of dismissed allegations against Hughes, Charnay, and their colleagues, Howard Hughes mysteriously dies in the middle of a flight while en route to Houston from Acapulco. No further attempts were made to file charges after Hughes died.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
In 1953, Hughes launched the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Miami, Florida (currently located in Chevy Chase, Maryland) for the primary purposes of biomedical research, including trying to understand, in Hughes's words, "the origin of life itself," because of his interest a lifetime in science and technology. Hughes' first will, signed in 1925 at the age of 19, determined that part of his land should be used to create a medical institution that bears his name. When a major battle with the IRS loomed ahead, Hughes gave all his shares at Hughes Aircraft Company to the institute, thereby transforming aerospace and defense contractors into a non-profit entity from a tax-exempt charity. Hughes's internalist Verne Mason, who treated Hughes after the plane crash of 1946, is chairman of the institute's medical advisory committee. The new board of Howard Hughes Medical Institute sold Hughes Aircraft in 1985 to General Motors for $ 5.2 billion, enabling the institute to grow dramatically.
The deal was the subject of a protracted legal battle between Hughes and the Internal Revenue Service, which Hughes eventually won. After his death in 1976, many thought that the balance of Hughes's wealth would go to the institute, although it was eventually divided between his cousins ​​and other heirs, given the lack of will to otherwise. HHMI was the fourth largest private organization in 2007 and the largest in biological and medical research, contributing $ 16.3 billion as of June 2007.
Glomar Explorer and K-129 retrieval
In 1972, during the Cold War era, Hughes was approached by the CIA through his old partner, David Charnay, to help secretly recover the Soviet K-129 submarine, which had sunk near Hawaii four years earlier. Hughes's involvement provides the CIA with a sensible cover story, conducting costly civil maritime research at the extreme depths and mining of underwater manganese nodules. Recovery plan using special purpose rescue boat Glomar Explorer . In the summer of 1974, Glomar Explorer tried to raise the Soviet ship. However, during the recovery of mechanical failure on the grapple ship caused half of the submarines burst and fell to the bottom of the ocean. This section is believed to have kept many of the most sought after items, including code books and nuclear missiles. Two nuclear-edged torpedoes and several cryptographic machines were found, along with six Soviet submariners who were then given formal funeral at sea in a filmed ceremony. The operation, known as the Azorian Project (but incorrectly referred to by the press as Project Jennifer), became public in February 1975 after secret documents were released, obtained by robbers Hughes's headquarters during theft in June 1974. Although he lent his name and resources his company for operations, Hughes and his company have no operational involvement in the project. The Glomar Explorer was eventually acquired by Transocean Inc. (an offshore oil drilling and gas drilling company) and delivered to scrap yard by 2015 during a large decline in oil prices.
Personal life
Initial romance
In 1929, Hughes's wife, Ella, returned to Houston and filed for divorce. Hughes dated many famous women, many of whom were younger for decades, including Billie Dove, Faith Domergue, Bette Davis, Ava Gardner, Olivia de Havilland, Katharine Hepburn, Ginger Rogers, Janet Leigh, Rita Hayworth, Mamie Van Doren, and Gene Tierney. He also applied to Joan Fontaine several times, according to his autobiography No Bed of Roses . Jean Harlow accompanied him to the premiere of Hell's Angels, but Noah Dietrich wrote many years later that the relationship was very professional, because Hughes seemed to personally dislike Harlow. In his 1971 book, Howard: The Amazing Mr. Hughes, Dietrich says that Hughes really likes and respects Jane Russell, but never looks for romantic engagement with him. According to Russell's autobiography, however, Hughes had tried to fuck her after the party. Russell (who married at the time) rejected him, and Hughes promised it would never happen again. Both have maintained professional and personal friendships for years. Hughes remained good friends with Tierney who, after a failed attempt to seduce him, was quoted as saying "I do not think Howard can love anything that has no motor in it." Later, when Tierney Daria's daughter was born deaf and blind and with a severe learning disability because Tierney was exposed to rubella during her pregnancy, Hughes ensured that Daria received the best medical care and paid all the fees.
Buy luxury yachts, fatal car accidents
In 1933, Hughes made a purchase of an invisible luxury steamer named Rover , previously owned by Lord Inchcape's British shipping king. "I've never seen Rover but bought it on blueprints, photographs, and reports from Lloyd's surveyor My experience is that Britain is the most honest race in the world." Hughes changed the name of the Southern Cross yacht and later sold it to Swedish businessman Axel Wenner-Gren.
On July 11, 1936, Hughes attacked and killed a pedestrian named Gabriel S. Meyer with his car at the corner of 3rd Street and Lorraine in Los Angeles. After the accident, Hughes was taken to the hospital and certified as drunk, but the doctors in attendance made notes that Hughes had been drinking. An accident witness told the police that Hughes was driving erratically and too fast, and that Meyer had stood in the safe zone of the tram stop. Hughes was jailed on suspicion of negligent murder and held overnight in prison until his lawyer, Neil S. McCarthy, obtained a habeas corpus warrant for his release pending a coroner's examination. At the time of a coronary investigation, however, the witness had changed his story and claimed that Meyer had moved directly in front of Hughes's car. Nancy Bayly (Watts), who was in the car with Hughes at the time of the accident, reinforced this version of the story. On July 16, 1936, Hughes was imprisoned by a coronary jury on the examination of Meyer's death. Hughes told reporters outside the investigation, "I was driving slowly and a man stepped out of the darkness in front of me."
Marriage to Jean Peters
On January 12, 1957, Hughes married actress Jean Peters. The couple met in the 1940s, before Peters became a movie actress. They had a love story published in 1947 and there was talk of marriage, but he said he could not combine it with his career. Some later claimed that Peters was "the only woman [Hughes] ever loved," and he reportedly had his security guards follow him everywhere even when they were not in a relationship. Such a report was confirmed by actor Max Showalter, who became a close friend of Peters while filming Niagara (1953). Showalter said in an interview that because he often met Peters, Hughes's men threatened to ruin his career if he did not leave him alone.
Nixon scandal
Shortly before the 1960 presidential election, Richard Nixon was worried when it was revealed that his brother, Donald, received a $ 205,000 loan from Hughes. It has long been speculated that Nixon's impetus to study what the Democrats planned in 1972 was partly based on his belief that the Democrats knew about bribes and then received his friend Bebe Rebozo from Hughes after Nixon took office.
In late 1971, Donald Nixon gathered intelligence for his brother in preparation for the upcoming presidential election. One source is John H. Meier, a former Hughes business advisor who has also worked with Democratic National Committee Chairman Larry O'Brien.
Meier, in collaboration with former Vice President Hubert Humphrey and others, wants to give Nixon campaign wrong information. Meier tells Donald that he believes the Democrats will win the election because Larry O'Brien has a lot of information about Richard Nixon's dark deals with unreleased Howard Hughes; O'Brien did not actually have such information, but Meier wanted Nixon to think he did it. Donald tells his brother that O'Brien has damaging Hughes information that could destroy his campaign. Terry Lenzner, who was chief investigator for the Senate Watergate Committee, speculated that it was Nixon's desire to know what O'Brien knew about Nixon's transactions with Hughes that might have partially motivated Watergate to enter.
Physical rejection
Hughes is eccentric, and suffers from severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A close friend of Hughes reports that he's obsessed with the size of peas (one of his favorite foods) and uses a special fork to sort by size.
As he directed the Outlaw, Hughes became fixated on a minor flaw in one of Jane Russell's blouses, claiming that the fabric was fused along the seams and gave the appearance of two nipples on each breast. He wrote a detailed memorandum to the crew on how to fix the problem. Richard Fleischer, who directed his Type of Woman with Hughes as an executive producer, wrote extensively in his autobiography about the difficulty of dealing with tycoons. In his book, Just Tell Me When to Cry , Fleischer explains that Hughes is fixated on trivialities and alternately hesitant and stubborn. He also revealed that Hughes's unpredictable mood swings made him wonder if the movie would be over.
In 1958, Hughes told his aides that he wanted to screen several films in a movie studio near his home. She lived in a dark screening room for more than four months, never leaving. He only ate chocolate bars and chickens and drank only milk, and was surrounded by dozens of Kleenex boxes that were constantly stacked and rearranged. He wrote a detailed memo to his helpers giving them explicit instructions not to see him or talk to him unless spoken to. During this period, Hughes sits stunned in his chair, often naked, watching movies. When he finally appeared in the summer of 1958, his cleanliness was very bad. He did not bathe or cut his hair and nails for weeks; this may be due to allodynia, which results in a pain response to stimuli that usually does not cause pain.
After the screening room incident, Hughes moved into a bungalow at the Beverly Hills Hotel where he also rented rooms for his helpers, his wife, and many girlfriends. He would sit naked in his bedroom with a pink hotel napkin placed on his cock, watching a movie. This may be because Hughes found a touch of clothing that was painful because of allodynia. She may have watched the movie to distract her from her pain - a common practice among patients with unbearable pain, especially those who do not receive adequate care. Within a year, Hughes spent about $ 11 million in hotels.
Hughes started buying all the chain of restaurants and four-star hotels set up in the state of Texas. This includes, if only for the short term, many unknown franchises are currently out of business. He placed the restaurant ownership with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and all the licenses resold shortly thereafter.
At other times, he became obsessed with the 1968 movie Ice Shrine Zebra, and has been running on a continuous loop in his home. According to his maid, he watched it 150 times.
Hughes insists on using the network to retrieve objects to protect himself from germs. He will also notice dust, stains, or other imperfections in people's clothes and demand that they take care of him. After one of the most visible men in America, Hughes finally vanished from public view, although the tabloids continued to follow rumors about his behavior and whereabouts. He is reportedly seriously ill, mentally unstable, or even dead.
The injury resulting from many plane crashes caused Hughes to spend most of his past in pain, and he eventually became addicted to codeine, which was injected intramuscularly. Hughes' hair and nails are cut only once a year, probably due to the pain caused by RSD/CRPS, caused by a plane crash. He also kept his urine in a bottle.
Years later as a Las Vegas follower
Rich and elderly Hughes, accompanied by his personal aides, began to move from one hotel to another, always staying in a penthouse upstairs. In the last ten years of his life, from 1966 to 1976, Hughes lived in hotels in many cities - including Beverly Hills, Boston, Las Vegas, Nassau, Freeport, Vancouver, London, Managua, and Acapulco.
On November 24, 1966 (Thanksgiving Day), Hughes arrived in Las Vegas by train and moved to the Desert Inn. Because he refused to leave the hotel and avoid further conflict with the owner, Hughes bought the Desert Inn in early 1967. The hotel's eighth floor became the center of Hughes's nerves and the ninth-floor penthouse became his personal residence. Between 1966 and 1968, he bought several other hotel casinos, including Castaways, New Frontier, Landmark Hotel and Casino, and Sands. He bought a small Silver Slipper casino for the sole purpose of removing his trademark neon silver sandal; Seen from Hughes's bedroom, it seems to keep him awake at night.
After Hughes left the Desert Inn, the hotel employee found that the curtains had not been opened during his stay there and decayed. During the 1954 engagement at the Last Frontier hotel, Liberace entertainers thought Hughes as his lighting director, instructed him to immediately raise a blue light if he started playing "Clair de lune". Hughes nodded, before the hotel's entertainment director arrived and introduced Hughes to Liberace.
Hughes wants to turn Las Vegas's image into something more glamorous. As Hughes wrote in a memo to an aide, "I like to think of Las Vegas in the case of a well-dressed man in a dinner jacket and a beautiful, brunette haired woman out of an expensive car." Hughes bought several local television stations (including KLAS-TV).
Hughes's large business ownership is overseen by a small panel unofficially nicknamed "Mormon Mormon" because of many Latter-day Saints on the committee, led by Frank William Gay. In addition to overseeing the daily business operations and Hughes's health, they also strive to satisfy every desire of Hughes. For example, Hughes had liked Baskin-Robbins banana ice cream, so his maid tried to secure mass deliveries for him, only to find out that Baskin-Robbins had stopped his taste. They made a request for the smallest amount the company could award for a special order, 350 gallons (1,300 L), and shipped from Los Angeles. A few days after the order arrived, Hughes announced he was tired of banana nuts and wanted only French vanilla ice cream. The Desert Inn ended up distributing free peanut ice cream to casino customers for a year. In a 1996 interview, former Howard Hughes communicator Robert Maheu said, "There's a rumor that there's still some banana nut leftover in the freezer, that's probably true."
As the owner of several major Las Vegas businesses, Hughes has a huge political and economic influence in Nevada and elsewhere. During the 1960s and early 1970s, he disapproved of underground nuclear tests at the Nevada Test Site. Hughes was concerned about the risks of residual nuclear radiation, and tried to stop the tests. When the tests finally succeeded despite the efforts of Hughes, his detonation was strong enough that the entire hotel where he lived vibrated because of shock waves. In the last two separate maneuvers, Hughes instructed his deputy to offer a million-dollar bribe to both presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon.
In 1970, Jean Peters filed for divorce. Both did not live together for many years. Peters asks for a life allowance of $ 70,000 annually, adjusted for inflation, and waives all claims for Hughes property. Hughes offered a settlement of over a million dollars, but he refused. Hughes did not demand a confidentiality agreement from Peters as a condition of divorce. The attendants reported that Hughes never spoke badly about him. He refused to discuss his life with Hughes and rejected some lucrative offers from publishers and biographers. Peters would simply state that he had not seen Hughes for several years before their divorce and only dealt with him over the phone.
Hughes stayed at the Intercontinental Hotel near Lake Managua in Nicaragua looking for privacy and security, when a magnitude 6.5 SR earthquake damaged Managua in December 1972. As a precaution, Hughes moved first into a rather large tent, facing the hotel, then after a few days there to the National Palace of Nicaragua and stayed there as guest of Anastasio Somoza Debayle before leaving for Florida by private jet the next day. He then moved to Penthouse at Xanadu Princess Resort in Grand Bahama Island, which he just bought. He lives almost exclusively at the penthouse Xanadu Beach Resort & amp; Marina for the last four years of her life. Hughes has spent a total of $ 300 million for many properties in Las Vegas.
Memoir hoax
In 1972, author Clifford Irving caused a media sensation when he claimed he had written Hughes's official autobiography. Hughes was so closed that he did not openly publicly refute Irving's statement, leading many to believe Irving's original book. However, prior to the publication of the book, Hughes ultimately criticized Irving in a teleconference and the entire project was eventually exposed as a hoax. Irving was later convicted of fraud and spent 17 months in jail. In 1974, the film Orson Welles F for Fake included a section on Hughes's biography trickery. In 1977, The Hoax by Clifford Irving was published in England, telling his story of this event. The 2006 film The Hoax , starring Richard Gere, is also based on this event.
Death
Hughes is reported to have died on April 5, 1976, at 1:27 pm. on an airplane belonging to Robert Graf and tested by Jeff Abrams. She was on her way from the penthouse at the Fairmont Princess Acapulco Hotel in Mexico to Methodist Hospital in Houston. Another account shows that he died on a flight from Freeport, Grand Bahama, to Houston.
Upon receiving a call, his senior adviser, Frank P. Morse, ordered his staff to take his body to the plane and return it to the United States. It is not unusual that foreign countries will deploy corpses as a ransom so that the land can not be completed. Morse ordered the pilot to announce Hughes's death as soon as they entered the airspace of the U.S.
The specificity and possible use of drugs makes it practically unrecognizable. Her hair, beard, nails, and toenails are long - 6 ft (192 cm) tall now weigh almost 90 kilograms (41 kg), and the FBI must use fingerprints to identify the body for sure. Howard Hughes, John T. Conover, used when his body arrived at the mortuary in Houston on the day of his death.
The following autopsy records kidney failure as the cause of death. Hughes was in a very bad physical condition at the time of his death. He suffered from malnutrition. While his kidneys are damaged, his other internal organs, including his brain, are considered very healthy. X-rays revealed five broken needles in his arm. To inject codeine into his muscles, Hughes uses a glass syringe with a metal needle that is easily dislodged.
Hughes is buried next to his parents at Glenwood Cemetery in Houston.
Estate
About three weeks after Hughes's death, a handwritten will was found at the desk of an official of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City, Utah. The so-called "Mormon Will" gave $ 1.56 billion to various charitable organizations (including $ 625 million for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute), nearly $ 470 million for top management at Hughes and its aides, $ 156 million for the first time. cousin William Lummis, and $ 156 million evenly split between his two ex-wives Ella Rice and Jean Peters.
In this will, Hughes abandoned all of his property to the Hughes Medical Institute, because he had no family connections and was seriously ill. This is contrary to many desires that arose after his death. Initial wishes that included payments to the maids never appeared. It was apparently in a house around the Desert Inn Golf Course owned by an assistant mother. He had no desire to leave money to family, helpers or church, including William Gay and Frank Morse. Hughes is not Mormon and has no reason to leave his property to that church. Frank P. Morse is still a record lawyer for Hughes.
A further $ 156 million was given to gas station owner Melvin Dummar, who told reporters that in 1967 he found a crumpled and dirty man lying along Route 95 US, just 150 miles (240 km) north of Las Vegas. The man asked for a ride to Vegas. Dropping it at the Sands Hotel, Dummar says the man told him that he is Hughes. Dummar then claims that a few days after Hughes's death, a "mysterious man" appeared at his gas station, leaving an envelope containing a will on his desk. Unsure whether the will is genuine and unsure of what to do, Dummar leaves a will in the LDS Church office. In 1978, a Nevada court ruled Mormon Forger, and officially declared that Hughes had died (without any legitimate intent). The story of Dummar was later adapted into the Jonathan Demme film Melvin and Howard in 1980.
Hughes's $ 2.5 billion estate was eventually split in 1983 among 22 cousins, including William Lummis, who served as the guardian of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The United States Supreme Court ruled that Hughes Aircraft was owned by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which sold it to General Motors in 1985 for $ 5.2 billion. The court dismissed the lawsuit by the states of California and Texas that claimed they owed inheritance tax. In 1984, the Hughes property paid an undisclosed amount to Terry Moore, who claimed that he and Hughes secretly married on a cruise ship in the international waters of Mexico in 1949 and never divorced. Moore never produced proof of marriage, but his book, The Beauty and the Billionaire, became a bestseller.
Awards
- The Congressional Gold Medal (presented 7 August 1939)
- National Aviation Hall of Fame (inducted 1973)
Archive
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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